tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-71008683539501705942024-03-04T21:56:46.870-08:00Bencana alamtentang_bencanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07521135024478553368noreply@blogger.comBlogger17125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7100868353950170594.post-72169356661996062322011-04-19T04:27:00.000-07:002011-04-19T04:27:35.769-07:00guppy<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"><b>Gupi</b>, <b>ikan seribu</b>, <b>ikan cere</b>, atau <b>suwadakar</b> (<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i><b>Poecilia reticulata</b></i></span>), adalah salah satu <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spesies" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">spesies</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">ikan</a> hias air tawar yang paling populer di dunia. Karena mudahnya menyesuaikan diri dan beranak-pinak, di banyak tempat di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Indonesia</a> ikan ini telah menjadi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisme_meliar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Organisme meliar">ikan liar</a> yang memenuhi parit-parit dan selokan. Dalam perdagangan ikan hias dikenal sebagai <i><b>guppy</b></i> atau juga <i>millionfish</i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupi#cite_note-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></sup>, di berbagai daerah ikan ini juga dikenal dengan aneka nama lokal seperti <i>gepi</i> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialek_Betawi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Dialek Betawi">Btw.</a>), <i>bungkreung</i> (<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Sunda" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Bahasa Sunda">Sd.</a>), <i>cethul</i> atau <i>cithul</i>(<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Jawa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Bahasa Jawa">Jw.</a>), <i>klataw</i> (Bjn), dan lain-lain.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"></span><br />
<h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Pemerian">Pemerian</span></span></h2><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">Gupi merupakan anggota <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Familia">suku</a> <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poecilidae&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Poecilidae (halaman belum tersedia)">Poecilidae</a> yang berukuran kecil. Jantan dan betina dewasa mudah dibedakan baik dari ukuran dan bentuk tubuhnya, maupun dari warnanya (<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimorfisme_seksual" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">dimorfisme seksual</a>). Panjang total tubuh ikan betina antara 4–6 <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentimeter" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sentimeter">cm</a>, sedangkan jantannya lebih kecil, sekitar 2½–3½ cm. Ikan jantan memiliki warna-warni yang cemerlang dan amat bervariasi, terutama pada ikan hibrida. Ikan gupi liar warnanya lebih sederhana, meski jantannya tetap berwarna-warni dengan dua buah bintik hitam seperti mata di sisi badan: yang satu di bawah sirip punggung dan yang lainnya di atas sirip dubur<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-kottelat126_1-0"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupi#cite_note-kottelat126-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[2]</a></sup>. Gupi liar betina bertubuh tambun dengan warna kuning kecoklatan dan susunan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisik" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">sisik</a> yang membentuk pola seperti jala (<i>reticulata</i> = dengan pola jaring atau jala), dan perut gendut berwarna putih.</span></div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gupi&action=edit&section=2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Ekologi dan reproduksi">sunting</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Ekologi_dan_reproduksi">Ekologi dan reproduksi</span></span></h2><div class="thumb tleft" style="background-color: transparent; clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 1.4em; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"><a class="image" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Poecilia_reticulata_090510_0192_kdBdk.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="145" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Poecilia_reticulata_090510_0192_kdBdk.jpg/220px-Poecilia_reticulata_090510_0192_kdBdk.jpg" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a></span><br />
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"><a class="internal" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Poecilia_reticulata_090510_0192_kdBdk.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Perbesar"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: white; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">Gupi liar dari <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciliwung" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ciliwung">Ciliwung</a>. Jantan diapit oleh dua betina</span></div></div></div><div class="thumb tleft" style="background-color: transparent; clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 1.4em; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"><a class="image" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Poecilia_retic_090519-8688_kdBdk.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="136" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Poecilia_retic_090519-8688_kdBdk.jpg/220px-Poecilia_retic_090519-8688_kdBdk.jpg" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a></span><br />
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"><a class="internal" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Poecilia_retic_090519-8688_kdBdk.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Perbesar"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: white; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">Gupi liar. Jantan berada di sebelah kiri</span></div></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">Gupi adalah ikan yang sangat peridi<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupi#cite_note-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[3]</a></sup>. Masa kehamilan ikan ini berkisar antara 21–30 hari (rata-rata 28 hari) bergantung pada suhu airnya. Suhu air yang paling cocok untuk berbiak adalah sekitar 27 °C (72 °F).</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">Alih-alih bertelur, ikan gupi mengandung dan melahirkan anaknya (<i>livebearers</i>). Setelah ikan betina dibuahi, daerah berwarna gelap di sekitar <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anus" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">anus</a> yang dikenal sebagai ‘bercak kehamilan’ (<i>gravid spot</i>) akan meluas dan bertambah gelap warnanya. Menjelang saat-saat kelahirannya, bintik-bintik mata anak-anak ikan dapat terlihat dari kulit perut induknya yang tipis dan menerawang. Seekor induk gupi dapat melahirkan burayak (anak ikan) antara 2–100 ekor pada setiap kelahiran, namun kebanyakan antara 5–30 ekor saja. Beberapa jam setelah persalinan, induk gupi telah siap untuk dibuahi lagi.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">Begitu keluar dari perut induknya, anak-anak gupi telah mampu hidup sendiri. Berenang, mencari makanan, dan menghindari musuh-musuhnya. Anak-anak gupi ini umumnya akan terus bergabung dengan kelompoknya, dan dengan ikan-ikan lain yang lebih besar. Namun gupi yang telah dewasa tidak akan segan-segan memangsa burayak yang berukuran jauh lebih kecil; sehingga apabila dipelihara di akuarium, anak-anak ikan ini perlu dipisahkan dari ikan-ikan dewasa. Burayak-burayak ini, apabila selamat, akan mencapai kedewasaan pada umur satu atau dua bulan saja. Itulah sebabnya ikan ini dengan segera dapat melipat-gandakan jumlah anggota kelompoknya, sehingga dinamai juga ikan seribu.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">Sirip dubur pada ikan jantan mengalami perubahan menjadi <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gonopodium&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Gonopodium (halaman belum tersedia)">gonopodium</a>, yang berfungsi untuk mengeluarkan <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperma" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sperma">sperma</a> yang akan masuk pada tubuh ikan betina<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-kottelat126_1-1"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupi#cite_note-kottelat126-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[2]</a></sup>. Gupi betina memiliki kemampuan untuk untuk menyimpan sperma, sehingga dapat hamil berulang kali dengan hanya satu kali kawin.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">Faktor kunci keberhasilan yang lainnya adalah kemampuannya untuk menyesuaikan hidup dengan pelbagai kondisi perairan, dengan variasi makanan yang beragam. Analisis terhadap isi perut gupi yang hidup di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danau_Buyan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Danau Buyan</a>, Bali, menunjukkan bahwa ikan ini terutama memakan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zooplankton" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">zooplankton</a> yang melimpah di sana. Sementara gupi yang hidup di <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Danau_Bratan&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Danau Bratan (halaman belum tersedia)">Danau Bratan</a> dan <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Danau_Batur&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Danau Batur (halaman belum tersedia)">Batur</a> kebanyakan mengandalkan bahan-bahan organik yang berada di dasar danau<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupi#cite_note-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[4]</a></sup>.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">Gupi bahkan dapat hidup pada perairan dengan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salinitas" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">salinitas</a> tinggi (air asin), hingga 150% salinitas normal air <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laut" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">laut</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupi#cite_note-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[5]</a></sup></span></div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gupi&action=edit&section=3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Penyebaran">sunting</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Penyebaran">Penyebaran</span></span></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 252px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"><a class="image" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Poecilia_reticulata_Fry_DSC04357_nevit.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="225" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Poecilia_reticulata_Fry_DSC04357_nevit.jpg/250px-Poecilia_reticulata_Fry_DSC04357_nevit.jpg" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="250" /></a></span><br />
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"><a class="internal" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Poecilia_reticulata_Fry_DSC04357_nevit.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Perbesar"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: white; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">Burayak gupi berumur seminggu di akuarium</span></div></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">Suwadakar adalah ikan asli <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Tengah" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Amerika Tengah</a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Selatan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Amerika Selatan">Selatan</a>, menyebar di Kep. <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Barbados</a>,<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_dan_Tobago" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Trinidad dan Tobago</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Guyana</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antillen_Belanda" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Antillen Belanda</a>, Kep. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Virgin">Virgin</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Brazilia">Brazilia</a>, dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Venezuela</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupi#cite_note-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[6]</a></sup>. Melalui jalur perdagangan dan lain-lain, ikan ini telah dibawa ke berbagai tempat di semua benua di dunia kecuali Antartika, dan kemudian meliar di perairan-perairan bebas.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">Gupi dimasukkan ke Indonesia sebagai ikan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akuarium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">akuarium</a> pada sekitar tahun 1920an, namun kemudian terlepas atau dilepaskan ke perairan bebas. Agaknya ikan ini semula diharapkan dapat membasmi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larva" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">larva</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyamuk" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">nyamuk</a> di alam untuk mengendalikan penyakit<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">malaria</a>, akan tetapi tidak berhasil. Ikan gupi di akuarium dapat mencapai panjang 60<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milimeter" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Milimeter">mm</a>, namun di alam kebanyakan hanya tumbuh hingga sekitar 35 mm saja; dan ukuran ini terlalu kecil untuk memangsa jentik-jentik nyamuk<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-kottelat126_1-2"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupi#cite_note-kottelat126-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[2]</a></sup>.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">Karena keperidiannya, gupi lekas membiak dan merambah aneka perairan bebas. Pada tahun 1929 tercatat bahwa ikan ini dapat ditemukan di hampir semua kolam dan parit di Jawa Barat<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-kottelat126_1-3"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupi#cite_note-kottelat126-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[2]</a></sup>. Sekarang ikan ini telah meluas ke pelbagai tempat di Nusantara, dan mungkin telah menjadi ikan yang paling melimpah di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Jawa</a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Bali</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupi#cite_note-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[7]</a></sup>.</span></div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gupi&action=edit&section=4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Taksonomi">sunting</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Taksonomi">Taksonomi</span></span></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 252px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"><a class="image" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Guppy_breeds.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="250" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Guppy_breeds.jpg/250px-Guppy_breeds.jpg" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="250" /></a></span><br />
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"><a class="internal" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Guppy_breeds.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Perbesar"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: white; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">Warna-warni enam varietas gupi</span></div></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">Ikan kecil ini semula ditemukan oleh <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_John_Lechmere_Guppy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Robert John Lechmere Guppy</a> di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Trinidad</a> pada 1866. <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_C._L._G._Gunther&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Albert C. L. G. Gunther (halaman belum tersedia)">Albert C. L. G. Gunther</a> belakangan pada tahun itu juga, menamai ikan ini dengan sebutan <i>Girardinus guppii</i> untuk menghormati sang penemu. Namun ternyata ikan ini telah dideskripsi terlebih dulu dengan nama sah <i>Poecilia reticulata</i> oleh<a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Peters&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Wilhelm Peters (halaman belum tersedia)">Wilhelm Peters</a> pada 1859, sehingga nama <i>Girardinus guppii</i> hanya mendapatkan status sebagai <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinonim" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">sinonim</a> (<i>junior synonym</i>). Meski demikian, nama umum <b>gupi</b> (<i>guppy</i>) bagi ikan ini telah terlanjur tenar dan digunakan di mana-mana<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupi#cite_note-7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[8]</a></sup>.</span></div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gupi&action=edit&section=5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Kerabat dekat">sunting</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Kerabat_dekat">Kerabat dekat</span></span></h2><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">Ikan seribu berkerabat dekat dengan <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ikan_moli&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Ikan moli (halaman belum tersedia)">ikan moli</a> (<i><a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poecilia_latipinna&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Poecilia latipinna (halaman belum tersedia)">Poecilia latipinna</a></i>), <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ikan_moli_hitam&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Ikan moli hitam (halaman belum tersedia)">ikan moli hitam</a>(<i><a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poecilia_sphenops&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Poecilia sphenops (halaman belum tersedia)">Poecilia sphenops</a></i>), <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ikan_ekor-pedang&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Ikan ekor-pedang (halaman belum tersedia)">ikan ekor-pedang</a> (<i><a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xiphophorus_helleri&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Xiphophorus helleri (halaman belum tersedia)">Xiphophorus helleri</a></i>), serta <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ikan_platis&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Ikan platis (halaman belum tersedia)">ikan platis</a>(<i><a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xiphophorus_maculatus&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Xiphophorus maculatus (halaman belum tersedia)">Xiphophorus maculatus</a>).</i></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">Gupi dapat berkawin silang dengan beberapa jenis moli seperti <i>P. latipinna</i> dan <i>P. velifera</i>, yakni gupi jantan dengan moli betina. Namun anak hasil persilangan ini selalu berkelamin jantan dan cenderung mandul<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupi#cite_note-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[9]</a></sup>. Sementara persilangan dengan <i><a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poecilia_wingei&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Poecilia wingei (halaman belum tersedia)">Poecilia wingei</a></i> dapat menghasilkan anak yang subur.</span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"><table class="infobox biota" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f9f9f9; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: left; width: 200px;"><tbody>
<tr style="text-align: center;"><th style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: pink; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; vertical-align: top;">Gupi</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;"><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Guppy-Male-and-Female.JPG" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gupi jantan (kiri) dan betina (kanan)"><img alt="Gupi jantan (kiri) dan betina (kanan)" height="166" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Guppy-Male-and-Female.JPG/250px-Guppy-Male-and-Female.JPG" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="250" /></a><br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><small>Gupi jantan (kiri) dan betina (kanan)</small></div></td></tr>
<tr style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: pink; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: center;"><th style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_konservasi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Status konservasi</a></th></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><div style="text-align: center;">Aman</div></td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;"><th style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: pink; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasifikasi_ilmiah" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Klasifikasi ilmiah</a></th></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;"><td style="vertical-align: top;"><table cellpadding="2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: black; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Kerajaan:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="kingdom"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Animal">Animalia</a></span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Filum:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="phylum"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordate" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Kelas:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="taxoclass"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinopterygii" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Actinopterygii</a></span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Ordo:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="order"><a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyprinodontiformes&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Cyprinodontiformes (halaman belum tersedia)">Cyprinodontiformes</a></span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Famili:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="family"><a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poeciliidae&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Poeciliidae (halaman belum tersedia)">Poeciliidae</a></span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Genus:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="genus"><i><a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poecilia&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Poecilia (halaman belum tersedia)">Poecilia</a></i></span></td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Spesies:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><i><b>P. reticulata</b></i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table></td></tr>
<tr style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: pink; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><th style="vertical-align: top;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatanama_biologi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Tatanama biologi">Nama binomial</a></th></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;"><td style="vertical-align: top;"><b><span class="binomial"><i>Poecilia reticulata</i></span></b><br />
<small><a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Peters&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Wilhelm Peters (halaman belum tersedia)">Peters</a>, 1859</small></td></tr>
<tr style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: pink; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: center;"><th style="vertical-align: top;"><a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sinonim_(taksonomi)&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Sinonim (taksonomi) (halaman belum tersedia)">Sinonim</a></th></tr>
<tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>Acanthocephalus guppii</i></span><br />
<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>A. reticulatus</i></span><br />
<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>Girardinus guppii</i></span><br />
<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>G. petersi</i></span><br />
<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>G. poeciloides</i></span><br />
<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>G. reticulatus</i></span><br />
<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>Haridichthys reticulatus</i></span><br />
<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>Heterandria guppyi</i></span><br />
<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>Lebistes poecilioides</i></span><br />
<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>L. reticulatus</i></span><br />
<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>Poecilia poeciloides</i></span><br />
<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>Poecilioides reticulatus</i></span></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table></span>tentang_bencanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07521135024478553368noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7100868353950170594.post-79506655459905536712011-04-19T04:25:00.001-07:002011-04-19T04:25:15.460-07:00dog<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 19px;"></span><br />
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;"><b>Ras anjing</b> (<i>dog breed</i>) adalah kelompok-kelompok <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjing" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">anjing</a> peliharaan yang berkerabat dekat dan memiliki penampilan yang sama. Semuanya berasal dari satu spesies, yakni <i>Canis lupus familiaris</i>. Ciri-ciri setiap ras dipilih dan dijaga oleh manusia, serta dibiakkan dari bibit dasar yang diketahui.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ras_anjing#cite_note-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></sup> Anjing disebut <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjing_trah" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">anjing trah</a> bila kedua induknya anjing trah dan memenuhi standar suatu ras anjing.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Istilah <i>ras anjing</i> juga dipakai untuk <i>ras alami</i> atau <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ras_lokal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ras lokal">ras lokal</a> yang muncul secara bertahap sebagai reaksi atas lingkungan tertentu yang melibatkan manusia, dengan sedikit atau tanpa <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pembiakan_selektif&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Pembiakan selektif (halaman belum tersedia)">pembiakan selektif</a> yang melibatkan manusia.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ras_anjing#cite_note-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[2]</a></sup> Ras-ras lokal tersebut tidak didokumentasikan, dan dikenali berdasarkan penampilan dan sering dari cara adaptasi dengan lingkungan. <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjing_ras_termurni_di_dunia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Anjing ras termurni di dunia">Anjing ras kuno</a> adalah sebagian dari <i>ras alami</i> yang berlanjut hingga keturunan di zaman modern (dan terdokumentasikan).</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Satu ras anjing diwakili oleh sekelompok individu dalam jumlah yang cukup, agar secara stabil dapat menurunkan ciri-ciri yang spesifik dari generasi ke generasi berikutnya. Anjing dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ras_hewan_dan_tumbuhan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ras hewan dan tumbuhan">ras</a> yang sama memiliki karakteristik penampilan dan tingkah laku yang sama, terutama karena mereka berasal dari kumpulan moyang tertentu yang memiliki ciri-ciri yang sama.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-isbn0764573020_2-0"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ras_anjing#cite_note-isbn0764573020-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[3]</a></sup> Pemacakan anjing dari ras yang sama menghasilkan keturunan <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biak_nyata&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Biak nyata (halaman belum tersedia)">biak nyata</a> (<i>breed true</i>). Anak anjing yang dilahirkan terlihat hampir sama dengan kedua induknya. Seekor anjing dapat dikatakan sebagai anggota suatu ras melalui bukti-bukti keturunan, memakai <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analisis_genetika&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Analisis genetika (halaman belum tersedia)">analisis genetika</a> atau catatan tertulis tentang garis keturunan. Identifikasi suatu ras anjing tidak dapat diandalkan tanpa adanya bukti-bukti tersebut.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ras_anjing#cite_note-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[4]</a></sup> Dokumen tertulis tentang garis keturunan disebut buku <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Registrasi_bibit&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Registrasi bibit (halaman belum tersedia)">registrasi bibit</a> (<i>stud book</i>) yang dikelola oleh perorangan, klub, atau organisasi.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Dalam <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">biologi</a>, subspesies, biakan, dan ras (<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ras_manusia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ras manusia">manusia</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ras_hewan_dan_tumbuhan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ras hewan dan tumbuhan">hewan, dan tumbuhan</a>) adalah istilah yang setara. Ras hewan dan tumbuhan memang memenuhi kriteria untuk subspesies. Walaupun demikian, penggunaan istilah <i>ras</i> seperti dalam <i>ras anjing</i> tidaklah memenuhi standar <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasifikasi_ilmiah" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">klasifikasi ilmiah</a> (taksonomi). Pengakuan atas ras-ras anjing tidak dilakukan oleh organisasi ilmiah, melainkan oleh sejumlah<a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klub_pembiak&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Klub pembiak (halaman belum tersedia)">klub pembiak</a> independen yang tidak perlu mengikuti standar ilmiah dan sering tidak konsisten. Sejumlah klub pembiak misalnya, menggolongkan <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anjing_Gembala_Belgia&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Anjing Gembala Belgia (halaman belum tersedia)">Anjing Gembala Belgia</a> menjadi empat ras yang terpisah (<a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anjing_Gembala_Belgia_(Groenendael)&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Anjing Gembala Belgia (Groenendael) (halaman belum tersedia)">Groenendael</a>, <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anjing_Gembala_Belgia_(Laekenois)&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Anjing Gembala Belgia (Laekenois) (halaman belum tersedia)">Laekenois</a>, <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anjing_Gembala_Belgia_Tervuren&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Anjing Gembala Belgia Tervuren (halaman belum tersedia)">Tervuren</a>, dan <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anjing_Gembala_Belgia_(Malinois)&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Anjing Gembala Belgia (Malinois) (halaman belum tersedia)">Malinois</a>), namun klub pembiak lainnya tidak mengakui keempat ras tersebut.</div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ras_anjing&action=edit&section=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi">sunting</a>]</span><div><br />
</div><span class="mw-headline" id="Referensi"></span></h2>tentang_bencanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07521135024478553368noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7100868353950170594.post-62789555271669283082011-04-08T03:56:00.001-07:002011-04-08T03:56:30.100-07:00ikan koki<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibNTnEojUgZ9kOrUB2CqRCq8o1UDzR_cAabnuL5TFwIiGE-AbpdXXDz1PAmaVYZWVvcvrb9hRagCrXBjOC9PhctWT9RV86FqmQBO8WFgzAwkGcvzyTSIwd9mivB70BdcAm2ZZABqiE8wo/s1600/606px-Goldfish_Pearl_Scale.jpg" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #ff388d; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5472411611975175826" original="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibNTnEojUgZ9kOrUB2CqRCq8o1UDzR_cAabnuL5TFwIiGE-AbpdXXDz1PAmaVYZWVvcvrb9hRagCrXBjOC9PhctWT9RV86FqmQBO8WFgzAwkGcvzyTSIwd9mivB70BdcAm2ZZABqiE8wo/s200/606px-Goldfish_Pearl_Scale.jpg" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibNTnEojUgZ9kOrUB2CqRCq8o1UDzR_cAabnuL5TFwIiGE-AbpdXXDz1PAmaVYZWVvcvrb9hRagCrXBjOC9PhctWT9RV86FqmQBO8WFgzAwkGcvzyTSIwd9mivB70BdcAm2ZZABqiE8wo/s200/606px-Goldfish_Pearl_Scale.jpg" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; border-width: initial; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 198px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 5px; position: relative; text-align: center; width: 200px;" /></a></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;">Ikan mas koki merupakan salah satu ikan hias yang amat terkenal di kalangan penggemarnya. Pasalnya, ikan jenis ini sudah puluhan tahun terkenal di Indonesia. Bahkan, mungkin menjadi yang pertama dipelihara sebagai ikan hias. Meski begitu, ikan jenis ini baru mengalami perkembangan pesat peminatnya sekitar tahun 2000-an.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;">Ikan yang aslinya dari Cina ini, bentuknya amat lucu dan menyenangkan. Ukurannya sedang sampai besar mencapai 20 cm. Namun, di Indonesia ikan jenis ini sejenis dengan ikan mas. Ikan ini senang merayap di dasar dan hanya sesekali berenang. Berbagai macam warna ada pada ikan mas koki, seperti merah, kuning, hitam, putih, dan ada pula campuran berbagai warna. Selain itu, ikan ini pun memiliki jenis atau varietas sangat beragam.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;">Bentuk badan umumnya bulat atau gemuk. Makin bulat biasanya makin digemari para penggemar. Pada beberapa jenis, mas koki kepala singa (lion head) dan mata balon, tidak memiliki sirip punggung. Ada pula yang mempunyai sirip ekor satu dan dua buah, terbuka atau mekar serta panjang. Sementara yang jenis siripnya kuncup dan tidak mekar, tidak laku dijual atau tidak disenangi.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;">Beragam jenis</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;">Keragaman jenis yang dimiliki ikan mas koki menjadi daya tarik bagi penggemar. Karena keragaman tersebut, penggemar akan jauh dari kebosanan memelihara. Apalagi jenis ikan ini cukup indah dilihat, apalagi bila warnanya cerah nan menawan.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;">Karena itu, kepada penggemar pemula yang belum paham betul tentang beragam jenis ikan mas koki, sebaiknya bertanya kepada siapa saja yang dianggap lebih tahu. Atau bisa pula melalui berbagai buku panduan yang sudah banyak beredar di pasaran. Hanya saja untuk sekadar pengetahuan dasar, berikut ini ada beberapa jenis ikan mas koki:</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;">Spenser</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;">Jenis ini memiliki bentukan daging di kepala seperti jambul. Ekornya ada yang pendek dan panjang, warnanya mayoritas merah oranye, tetapi ada pula yang campuran merah, hitam, dan putih di seluruh badan.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;">Red cap (raskit)</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;">Jenis raskit mempunyai warna putih perak dengan warna merah di atas kepala. Jenis yang bagus, warna merahnya tidak melebar ke tutup insang. Karakter bagus lain, ada jambul di kepala dan mempunyai mata kecil berwarna hitam tajam, sirip ekornya panjang dan pendek.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;">Mutiara</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;">Koki mutiara memiliki sisik membentuk bangunan butiran mutiara di seluruh tubuhnya. Bentuk badan bulat telur dengan kepala berukuran kecil, sirip ekornya mekar serta warnanya kebanyakan putih, baik polos maupun campuran warna lain seperti merah, oranye atau kuning.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;">Lion head</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;">Kepala singa adalah jenis yang paling disukai penggemar. Jenis ini berekor mekar namun pendek dan ada jambul di kepala. Bentuk badan bulat dan pendek. Warnanya sangat bervariasi, seperti merah oranye, putih perak, dan warna-warna lainnya. Karena besar kepalanya dan ekornya pendek, ikan ini sering berenang nungging atau jungkir balik bila air terlalu dalam.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;">Mata balon</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;">Janis ini terkenal karena matanya seperti balon berisi air. Warnanya kebanyakan merah dan oranye. Yang berwarna oranye matanya tajam hitam dan merupakan tipe favorit sehingga memiliki nilai harga cukup tinggi.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;">sebenarnya perkembangan saat ini sudah banyak hasil silangannya tapi nanti kita bahas satu-satu jenis ikan mas koki ini di lain kesempatan.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;">Pemberian pakan</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;">Pakan sangat erat dengan pertumbuhan dan kesehatan maupun stamina ikan. Untuk menjaga kesehatan dan stamina ikan, pakan tidak perlu diberikan terlalu banyak. Berkaitan dengan pemberian pakan, hal yang diperhatikan adalah cukup gizi. Sehingga, sebaiknya pakan diberikan secara bervariasi. Pemberian suplemen bahan-bahan tertentu dalam pakan untuk memperbaiki penampilan, terutama warna, tentu akan menaikkan nilai ekonomi.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;">Daya tarik</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;">Daya tarik ikan sangat dipengaruhi keadaan fisik dan kondisi kesehatannya. Selain berperilaku gesit, ikan yang sehat juga selalu menunjukkan penampilan kulit dan sisik cemerlang. Dengan demikian, perlu dilakukan perlakuan agar fisik dan kesehatan ikan tetap terjaga.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;">Karakterisitik dari ikan mas koki adalah sebagai berikut :</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;">* Percernaan ikan mas sangat sederhana,dan sangat susah mencerna protein</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;">* Ikan mas koki bisa mengubah warna tubuhnya,sesuai dengan tempat dimana mereka disimpan atau dipelihara</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;">* Ikan mas koki memproduksi pigmen jika terkena cahaya.Jika ikan Mas ditaruh di tempat gelap,dia akan telihat lebih cerah pada pagi harinya,dan jika terus menerus ditaruh di tempat gelap,maka ikan mas akan kehilangan warnanya.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;">* Ikan mas koki bisa tumbuh maximal sampai panjang 58.42cm dan berat 4.5 kg</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;">* Ikan mas koki terpanjang yang pernah diukur sepanjang 47.7 cm,dari moncong sampai ekor,di Belanda</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;">* Ikan mas koki bisa hidup sampai 20 tahun,tapi ikan mas peliharaan cuma hidup 6 sampai 8 tahun (gaya hidup ga sehat ya?)</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;">* Ikan mas koki tertua yang pernah dicatat berumur 49 tahun</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;">* Ikan mas koki bisa hidup di kolam yang permukaannya membeku,selama masih ada cukup oxygen dan airnya tak mengeras sepenuhnya</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;">*ikan mas koki akan memudar warnanya bila diletakkan dalam tempat yang suram cahayanya, atau bila ditempatkan di air yang mengalir? Ikan ini akan tetap berwarna keemasan bila diletakkan di sebuah akuarium dengan cahaya yang cukup.</span>tentang_bencanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07521135024478553368noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7100868353950170594.post-10521283644893827172011-04-08T03:55:00.001-07:002011-04-08T03:55:29.472-07:00koi<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4ws976Sj6Bbw84UPRzWDdmfy4QJGautGKXiVp3n86Anqy7pV5xIR9y79zvry97mtpKFXQBWBWSxwdEBLZgskbgkSse8s4SFkPBgfncf25SbI8UBj5o3754BTDfTX7R4EfESN25j3mmpM/s1600/aa-koi008.jpg" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #ff388d; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5472546502775213634" original="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4ws976Sj6Bbw84UPRzWDdmfy4QJGautGKXiVp3n86Anqy7pV5xIR9y79zvry97mtpKFXQBWBWSxwdEBLZgskbgkSse8s4SFkPBgfncf25SbI8UBj5o3754BTDfTX7R4EfESN25j3mmpM/s320/aa-koi008.jpg" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4ws976Sj6Bbw84UPRzWDdmfy4QJGautGKXiVp3n86Anqy7pV5xIR9y79zvry97mtpKFXQBWBWSxwdEBLZgskbgkSse8s4SFkPBgfncf25SbI8UBj5o3754BTDfTX7R4EfESN25j3mmpM/s320/aa-koi008.jpg" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; border-width: initial; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 320px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 5px; position: relative; text-align: center; width: 320px;" /></a></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;">Kohaku adalah jenis koi yang mempunyai badan putih dengan bercak merah pada badannya. Kohaku boleh dikatakan paling populer di antara jenis koi. Ini bisa dimaklumi sebab corak warna-nya langsung mengingatkan orang pada bendera ke-bangsaan Jepang. Dan tidaklah berlebihan bila Kohaku dianggap sebagai koi yang "pertama dan terakhir", karena umumnya pertama kali orang akan memilih Kohaku, lalu berpindah-pindah jenis,lantas pada akhirnya kembali lagi pada Kohaku.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;">Untuk mencapai coraknya yang sekarang, di-butuhkan waktu yang lama untuk menghasilkan Kohaku. Dari seekor koi berwarna hitam lahirlah koi berpipi merah lewat suatu mutasi, yang lantas ngetop dengan nama "Hookazuki". Pada tahun 1800, dari "Hookazuki" ini lahirlah seekor koi berwarna putih. Koi berwarna putih ini lantas dikawin-kan dengan Higoi, lahirlah Haraka, yaitu koi putih dengan bercak-bercak merah. Haraka sendiri ber-arti berperut merah (Red belly). Kemudian ber-turut-turut lahirlah Hoo-Aka (berpipi merah), Era-Hi (berinsang merah). Sejak 1830 muncullah koi dengan sebagian kepala berwarna merah (Zukin-kaburi), koi berbibir merah (Kuchibeni), dan Sarasa yang mempunyai punggung berwarna merah dan putih. Pendek kata pada jaman Meiji, Kohaku sudah dikenal luas dan mulai dikembangkan secara khusus.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;">Warna putih pada Kohaku menjadi pusat perhatian untuk menentukan kualitas Kohaku. Warna putihnya harus bersih seperti warna salju, tidak boleh putih kekuningan, atau putih kecokelatan. Sedangkan untuk warna merah, yang dikehendaki adalah merah pekat tetapi cerah (terang). Warna merah ini ada dua, yaitu yang dasarnya ungu dan cokelat kekuningan. Yang pertama lebih pekat dan tidak mudah luntur, tetapi tidak halus. Sedangkan yang terakhir lebih halus dan tidak mudah luntur, tetapi sulit didapatkan.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;">Banyak ragam Kohaku. Jenis-jenisnya di antara-nya dibedakan berdasarkan banyaknya bercak merah pada punggungnya. Ada yang dua, tiga atau empat, tetapi ada juga yang hanya satu. Inazuma-Kohaku mempunyai warna merah menyerupai ben-tuk kilat di punggungnya. Gotenzakura adalah Kohaku yang mempunyai bercak merah yang seim-bang pada sisi kiri dan kanan punggungnya. Doitsu-Kohaku Napoleon adalah Kohaku Jerman yang mempunyai warna merah seperti topi Napoleon. Fuji Kohaku adalah Kohaku yang mempunyai gum-palan berwarna perak pada kepalanya. Mereka tam-pak sangat cantik. Namun kecantikannya akan hi-lang ketika umurnya dua tahun. Shiromuji adalah koi yang mempunyai badan berwarna putih biasa, sedangkan keseluruhan badan Akamuji berwarna merah biasa. Akumuji sering disebut sebagai Higoi. Higoi yang warnanya gelap disebut sebagai Benigoi atau Hiaka. Higoi dengan sirip putih akrab dipanggil sebagai Aka-Hajiro. Tancho-Kohaku adalah koi yang keseluruhan badannya berwarna putih dengan bercak merah pada bagian kepalanya.</span>tentang_bencanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07521135024478553368noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7100868353950170594.post-61373454286788180202011-04-08T03:54:00.001-07:002011-04-08T03:54:38.662-07:00ikan drakula<div style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><img id="att_fotoimg" original="http://media.vivanews.com/thumbs2/2010/10/06/97325_ikan-drakula-yang-ditemukan-di-sungai-mekhong_300_225.jpg" src="http://media.vivanews.com/thumbs2/2010/10/06/97325_ikan-drakula-yang-ditemukan-di-sungai-mekhong_300_225.jpg" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 5px;" width="315" /></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">Sungai Mekong yang melintasi lima negara di Asia Tenggara ternyata begitu banyak menyimpan spesies langka di muka bumi ini. Baru-baru ini para ahli menemukan 145 spesies baru di sungai raksasa itu.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><div style="color: #171717; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 3px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Seperti dilansir Telegraph.co.uk, yang paling menonjol dari spesies langka itu adalah Tokek Bibir Merah, Ikan Drakula, dan tanaman karnivora setinggi tujuh meter.<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Sungai Mekong yang melintasi Kamboja, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand dan provinsi Cina selatan Yunnan itu merupakan rumah bagi beberapa spesies yang paling terancam di bumi. Mulai dari harimau dan gajah Asia, lumba-lumba Mekong dan sotong raksasa. <br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Katalog hewan dan tumbuhan jenis baru dan langka itu telah dirilis dalam laporan (WWF) baru World Wildlife Fund. WWF juga menyerukan untuk melindungi keanekaragaman hayati wilayah itu.<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Laporan itu menunjukkan bahwa setiap pekan rata-rata tiga spesies baru ditemukan oleh para ilmuwan sepanjang tahun 2009.<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Salah satunya adalah ikan drakula. Ikan ini memiliki mata yang melotot hampir keluar dan dua taring tajam yang tumbuh hanya 0,6 inci panjang.<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Kenapa disebut drakula, karena dua taring tajam itu seperti layaknya makhluk fiksi drakula yang ditayangkan dalam film. Tetapi ikan ini tidak menghisap darah. Ikan ini mirip ikan sapu-sapu yang terkenal di Indonesia.<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Fungsi tubuh ikan ini mirip dengan ikan sapu-sapu, yakni menggunakan tubuhnya untuk menghisap. Fungsinya, agar tubuhnya tetap tidak berubah posisi di bebatuan saat aliran air mengalir kencang. Spesies ikan yang baru ditemukan itu bernama Danionella Dracula.<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Hewan lain yang ditemukan adalah 'tokek berlipstik'. Tokek atau cicak raksasa itu memiliki bibir yang merah nan seksi. Ada pula tanaman karnivora yang memiliki perangkap serangga. Tingginya bisa mencapai sekitar tujuh meter.<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />"Tidak diragukan lagi wilayah ini adalah salah satu yang terkaya dalam hal keanekaragaman hayati, tetapi itu juga salah satu yang paling terancam," kata Stuart Chapman, direktur konservasi WWF regional.</div>tentang_bencanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07521135024478553368noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7100868353950170594.post-77863263692354286002011-04-06T02:16:00.001-07:002011-04-06T02:16:34.120-07:00ular<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"><b>Ular</b> adalah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptil" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">reptil</a> yang tak berkaki dan bertubuh panjang. Ular memiliki sisik seperti <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">kadal</a>dan sama-sama digolongkan ke dalam reptil bersisik (<b>Squamata</b>). Perbedaannya adalah kadal pada umumnya berkaki, memiliki lubang telinga, dan kelopak mata yang dapat dibuka tutup. Akan tetapi untuk kasus-kasus kadal tak berkaki (misalnya <i>Ophisaurus</i> spp.) perbedaan ini menjadi kabur dan tidak dapat dijadikan pegangan.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"></span><br />
<h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Habitat_dan_Makanan">Habitat dan Makanan</span></h2><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Ular merupakan salah satu reptil yang paling sukses berkembang di dunia. Di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">gunung</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">hutan</a>,<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurun" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">gurun</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dataran_rendah" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">dataran rendah</a>, lahan pertanian, lingkungan <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pemukiman&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Pemukiman (halaman belum tersedia)">pemukiman</a>, sampai ke <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laut" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Laut">lautan</a>, dapat ditemukan ular. Hanya saja, sebagaimana umumnya <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewan_berdarah_dingin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Hewan berdarah dingin">hewan berdarah dingin</a>, ular semakin jarang ditemui di tempat-tempat yang dingin, seperti di puncak-puncak gunung, di daerah<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlandia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Irlandia">Irlandia</a> dan <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selandia_baru" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Selandia baru">Selandia baru</a> dan daerah daerah <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Padang_salju&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Padang salju (halaman belum tersedia)">padang salju</a> atau <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutub" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">kutub</a>.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Banyak jenis-jenis ular yang sepanjang hidupnya berkelana di pepohonan dan hampir tak pernah menginjak <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanah" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">tanah</a>. Banyak jenis yang lain hidup melata di atas permukaan tanah atau menyusup-nyusup di bawah serasah atau tumpukan bebatuan. Sementara sebagian yang lain hidup <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Akuatik&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Akuatik (halaman belum tersedia)">akuatik</a> atau semi-akuatik di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">sungai</a>-sungai, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">rawa</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danau" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">danau</a> dan laut.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Ular memangsa berbagai jenis hewan lebih kecil dari tubuhnya. Ular-ular perairan memangsa<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">ikan</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodok" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Kodok">kodok</a>, berudu, dan bahkan telur ikan. Ular pohon dan ular darat memangsa <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burung" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">burung</a>,<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamalia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Mamalia">mamalia</a>, kodok, jenis-jenis <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptil" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">reptil</a> yang lain, termasuk telur-telurnya. Ular-ular besar seperti<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ular_sanca_kembang" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">ular sanca kembang</a> dapat memangsa <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambing" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">kambing</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kijang" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">kijang</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">rusa</a> dan bahkan manusia.</div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ular&action=edit&section=2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Kebiasaan dan Reproduksi">sunting</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Kebiasaan_dan_Reproduksi">Kebiasaan dan Reproduksi</span></h2><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Ular memakan mangsanya bulat-bulat; artinya, tanpa dikunyah menjadi keping-keping yang lebih kecil. Gigi di mulut ular tidak memiliki fungsi untuk mengunyah, melainkan sekedar untuk memegang mangsanya agar tidak mudah terlepas. Agar lancar menelan, ular biasanya memilih menelan mangsa dengan kepalanya lebih dahulu.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Beberapa jenis ular, seperti sanca dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ular_tikus" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">ular tikus</a>, membunuh mangsa dengan cara melilitnya hingga tak bisa bernapas. Ular-ular berbisa membunuh mangsa dengan bisanya, yang dapat melumpuhkan sistem saraf pernapasan dan jantung (neurotoksin), atau yang dapat merusak peredaran darah (haemotoksin), dalam beberapa menit saja. Bisa yang disuntikkan melalui gigitan ular itu biasanya sekaligus mengandung enzim pencerna, yang memudahkan pencernaan makanan itu apabila telah ditelan.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Untuk menghangatkan tubuh dan juga untuk membantu kelancaran pencernaan, ular kerap kali perlu berjemur (<i>basking</i>) di bawah sinar <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matahari" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">matahari</a>.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Kebanyakan jenis ular berkembang biak dengan bertelur. Jumlah telurnya bisa beberapa butir saja, hingga puluhan dan ratusan butir. Ular meletakkan telurnya di lubang-lubang tanah, gua, lubang kayu lapuk, atau di bawah timbunan daun-daun kering. Beberapa jenis ular diketahui menunggui telurnya hingga menetas; bahkan ular sanca ‘mengerami’ telur-telurnya.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Sebagian ular, seperti <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ular_kadut_belang" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ular kadut belang">ular kadut belang</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ular_pucuk" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">ular pucuk</a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ular_bangkai_laut" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">ular bangkai laut</a> ‘melahirkan’ anak. Sebetulnya tidak melahirkan seperti halnya mamalia, melainkan telurnya berkembang dan menetas di dalam tubuh induknya (<b>ovovivipar</b>), lalu keluar sebagai ular kecil-kecil.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Sejenis ular primitif, yakni ular buta atau <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ular_kawat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">ular kawat</a> <i>Rhampotyphlops braminus</i>, sejauh ini hanya diketahui yang betinanya. Ular yang mirip cacing kecil ini diduga mampu bertelur dan berbiak tanpa ular jantan (<i>partenogenesis</i>).</div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ular&action=edit&section=3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Ular dan Manusia">sunting</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Ular_dan_Manusia">Ular dan Manusia</span></h2><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Dalam kitab-kitab suci, ular kebanyakan dianggap sebagai musuh manusia. Dalam <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkitab" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Alkitab</a> (<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perjanjian_Lama" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Perjanjian Lama</a>) diceritakan bahwa <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iblis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Iblis</a>menjelma dalam bentuk ular, dan membujuk <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Hawa</a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Adam</a> sehingga terpedaya dan harus keluar dari Taman Eden. Dalam kisah<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharata" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Mahabharata</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kresna" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Kresna</a> kecil sebagai penjelmaan Dewa <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisnu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Wisnu</a> mengalahkan ular berkepala lima yang jahat. Dalam salah satu <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadits" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Hadits</a><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Muhammad">Rasulullah saw.</a> pun ada anjuran untuk membunuh ‘ular hitam yang masuk/berada di dalam rumah’.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Anggapan-anggapan ini, bagaimanapun, turut berpengaruh dan menjadikan kebanyakan orang merasa benci, jika bukan takut, kepada ular. Meskipun sesungguhnya ketakutan itu kurang beralasan, atau lebih disebabkan oleh kurangnya pengetahuan orang umumnya terhadap sifat-sifat dan bahaya yang mungkin ditimbulkan oleh ular. Pada kenyataannya, kasus gigitan ular –apalagi yang sampai menyebabkan kematian– sangat jauh lebih sedikit jika dibandingkan dengan kasus kecelakaan di jalan raya, atau kasus kematian (oleh penyakit) akibat gigitan nyamuk.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Pada pihak yang lain, ular pun telah ratusan atau ribuan tahun dieksploitasi dan dimanfaatkan oleh manusia. Ular kobra yang amat berbisa dan ular sanca pembelit kerap digunakan dalam pertunjukan-pertunjukan keberanian. Empedu, darah dan daging beberapa jenis ular dianggap sebagai obat berkhasiat tinggi, terutama di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiongkok" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Tiongkok</a> dan daerah Timur lainnya. Sementara itu kulit beberapa jenis ular memiliki nilai yang tinggi sebagai bahan perhiasan, sepatu dan tas. Seperti halnya <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biawak" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">biawak</a>, kulit ular (terutama ular sanca, <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ular_karung&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Ular karung (halaman belum tersedia)">ular karung</a>, dan <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ular_anakonda&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Ular anakonda (halaman belum tersedia)">ular anakonda</a>) yang diperdagangkan di seluruh dunia mencapai ratusan ribu hingga jutaan helai kulit mentah pertahun.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Dalam kenyataannya, ular justru kini semakin punah akibat aneka penangkapan, pembunuhan yang tidak berdasar, serta kerusakan habitat dan lingkungan hidupnya. Ular-ular yang dulu turut serta berperan dalam mengontrol <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populasi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">populasi</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikus" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">tikus</a> di sawah dan kebun, kini umumnya telah habis atau menyusut jumlahnya. Maka tidak heran, di tempat-tempat yang sawah dan padinya rusak dilanda gerombolan tikus, seperti di beberapa tempat di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabupaten_Sleman" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Kabupaten Sleman</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daerah_Istimewa_Yogyakarta" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta">Jogjakarta</a>, petani setempat kini memerlukan untuk melepaskan kembali (<a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reintroduksi&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Reintroduksi (halaman belum tersedia)">reintroduksi</a>) berjenis-jenis ular sawah dan melarang pemburuan ular di desanya.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Ular tidak memiliki daun telinga dan gendang telinga, tidak mempunya keistimewaan ada ketajaman indera mata maupun telinga. Matanya selalu terbuka dan dilapisi selaput tipis sehingga mudah melihat gerakan disekelilingnya, sayangnya ia tidak dapat memfokuskan pandangnnya. Ular baru dapat melihat dengan jelas dalam jarak dekat.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Indera yang menjadi andalan ular adalah sisik pada perutnya, yang dapat menangkap getaran langkah manusia atau binatang lainnya.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Lubang yang terdapat antara mata dan mulut ular dapat berfungsi sebagai thermosensorik (sensor panas) - organ ini biasa disebut ceruk atau organ Jacobson. Ular juga dapat mengetahui perubahan suhu karena kedatangan mahluk lainnya, contohnya <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ular_tanah&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Ular tanah (halaman belum tersedia)">ular tanah</a>memiliki ceruk yang peka sekali.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Manusia sebenarnya tidak usah takut pada ular karena ular sendiri yang sebenarnya takut pada manusia. Ular tidak dapat mengejar manusia, gerakannya yang lamban bukan tandingan manusia. Rata rata ular bergerak sekitar 1,6 km per jam, jenis tercepat adalah <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ular_mambaa&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Ular mambaa (halaman belum tersedia)">ular mambaa</a> di Afrika yang bisa lari dengan kecepatan 11 km per jam. Sedangkan manusia, sebagai perbandingan, dapat berlari antara 16-24 km per jam.</div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ular&action=edit&section=4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Macam-macam Ular">sunting</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Macam-macam_Ular">Macam-macam Ular</span></h2><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Ular ada yang ber<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">bisa</a> (memiliki racun, <i>venom</i>/<i>venomous</i>), namun banyak pula yang tidak. Akan tetapi tidak perlu terlalu kuatir bila bertemu ular. Dari antara yang berbisa, kebanyakan bisanya tidak cukup berbahaya bagi manusia. Lagipula, umumnya ular pergi menghindar bila bertemu orang.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Ular-ular primitif, seperti <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ular_kawat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">ular kawat</a>, ular karung, ular kepala dua, dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ular_sanca_kembang" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ular sanca kembang">ular sanca</a>, tidak berbisa. Ular-ular yang berbisa kebanyakan termasuk suku <b>Colubridae</b>; akan tetapi bisanya umumnya lemah saja. Ular-ular yang berbisa kuat di Indonesia biasanya termasuk ke dalam salah satu suku ular berikut: <b>Elapidae</b> (<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ular_sendok" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">ular sendok</a>, ular belang, ular cabai, dll.), <b>Hydrophiidae</b> (ular-<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ular_laut" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">ular laut</a>), dan <b>Viperidae</b>(ular tanah, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ular_bangkai_laut" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">ular bangkai laut</a>, ular bandotan).</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Beberapa jenisnya, sebagai contoh:</div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/18/Monobook-bullet.png); list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">suku Typhlopidae<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/18/Monobook-bullet.png); list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ular_kawat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">ular kawat</a> (<i>Rhamphotyphlops braminus</i>)</li>
</ul></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">suku Cylindrophiidae<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/18/Monobook-bullet.png); list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ular_kepala-dua" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">ular kepala-dua</a> (<i>Cylindrophis ruffus</i>)</li>
</ul></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">suku Pythonidae<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/18/Monobook-bullet.png); list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ular_sanca_kembang" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">ular sanca kembang</a> (<i>Python reticulatus</i>)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">ular peraca (<i>P. curtus</i>)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">ular sanca hijau. (<i>Morelia viridis'</i>)</li>
</ul></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">suku Acrochordidae<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/18/Monobook-bullet.png); list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ular_karung&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Ular karung (halaman belum tersedia)">ular karung</a> (<i>Acrochordus javanicus</i>)</li>
</ul></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">suku Xenopeltidae<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/18/Monobook-bullet.png); list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ular_pelangi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">ular pelangi</a> (<i>Xenopeltis unicolor</i>)</li>
</ul></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">suku <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colubridae" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Colubridae</a></li>
</ul><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Xenoch_vittatus_050507_RwG_8543_resize.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="170" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/thumb/c/c9/Xenoch_vittatus_050507_RwG_8543_resize.jpg/220px-Xenoch_vittatus_050507_RwG_8543_resize.jpg" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Xenoch_vittatus_050507_RwG_8543_resize.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Perbesar"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: white; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>Ular kisik alias ular <i>lare angon</i>,<i>Xenochrophis vittatus</i></div></div></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/18/Monobook-bullet.png); list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/18/Monobook-bullet.png); list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ular_siput" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">ular siput</a> (<i>Pareas carinatus</i>)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ular-air_pelangi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">ular-air pelangi</a> (<i>Enhydris enhydris</i>)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ular_kadut_belang" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ular kadut belang">ular kadut belang</a> (<i>Homalopsis buccata</i>)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ular_cecak" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">ular cecak</a> (<i>Lycodon capucinus</i>)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ular_gadung" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">ular gadung</a> (<i>Ahaetulla prasina</i>)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ular_cincin_mas&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Ular cincin mas (halaman belum tersedia)">ular cincin mas</a> (<i>Boiga dendrophila</i>)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">ular terbang (<i><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysopelea" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Chrysopelea</a> paradisi</i>)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ular_tambang" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">ular tambang</a> (<i>Dendrelaphis pictus</i>)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ular_birang" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">ular birang</a> (<i>Oligodon octolineatus</i>)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">ular tikus atau <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ular_jali" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">ular jali</a> (<i>Ptyas korros</i>)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">ular babi (<i>Elaphe flavolineata</i>)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ular_serasah" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">ular serasah</a> (<i>Sibynophis geminatus</i>)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">ular sapi (<i>Zaocys carinatus</i>)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ular_picung" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">ular picung</a> (<i>Rhabdophis subminiata</i>)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ular_kisik" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">ular kisik</a> (<i>Xenochrophis vittatus</i>)</li>
</ul></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">suku Elapidae<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/18/Monobook-bullet.png); list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">ular cabai (<i>Maticora intestinalis</i>)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">ular weling (<i>Bungarus candidus</i>)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ular_sendok" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">ular sendok</a> (<i>Naja</i> spp.)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">ular king-cobra (<i>Ophiophagus hannah</i>)</li>
</ul></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">suku Viperidae<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/18/Monobook-bullet.png); list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">ular bandotan puspo (<i>Vipera russelli</i>)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">ular tanah (<i>Calloselasma rhodostoma</i>)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ular_bangkai_laut" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">ular bangkai laut</a> (<i>Trimeresurus albolabris</i>)</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>tentang_bencanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07521135024478553368noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7100868353950170594.post-26526513390465850762011-03-01T03:13:00.000-08:002011-03-01T03:13:05.504-08:00eagle<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"></span><br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.2em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: auto;">Eagle</h1><div id="bodyContent" style="line-height: 1.5em; position: relative; width: 815px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</span></span></div><div id="contentSub" style="color: #7d7d7d; line-height: 1.2em; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify; width: auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> (Redirected from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eagles&redirect=no" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Eagles">Eagles</a>)</span></div><div class="dablink" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This article is about the bird. For other uses, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_(disambiguation)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Eagle (disambiguation)</a>.</span></div><div><table class="infobox biota" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; clear: right; color: black; float: right; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: justify; width: 200px;"><tbody>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #d3d3a4; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Eagle</span></span></th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haliaeetus_leucocephalus-tree-USFWS.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="314" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Haliaeetus_leucocephalus-tree-USFWS.jpg/220px-Haliaeetus_leucocephalus-tree-USFWS.jpg" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bald_Eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Bald Eagle</span></a></td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #d3d3a4; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_classification" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;" title="Biological classification"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Scientific classification</span></a></th></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Kingdom:</span></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="kingdom" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Animal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Animalia</span></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Phylum:</span></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="phylum" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordate" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Chordate"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Chordata</span></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Class:</span></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="class" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Bird"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Aves</span></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Order:</span></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="order" style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falconiformes" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Falconiformes</a> ( or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accipitriformes" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Accipitriformes</a>, q.v.)</span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Family:</span></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="family" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accipitridae" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Accipitridae</span></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #d3d3a4; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Genera</span></span></th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Several, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle#Species" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Eagle">see text</a></span></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Eagles are members of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">bird</a> family <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accipitridae" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Accipitridae</a>, and belong to several <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Genus">genera</a> which are not necessarily closely related to each other. Most of the more than 60 species occur in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Eurasia</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Africa</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagles#cite_note-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> Outside this area, just two species (the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bald_Eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Bald Eagle">Bald</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Golden Eagle">Golden Eagles</a>) can be found in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">United States</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Canada</a>, nine more in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_America" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Central America">Central</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">South America</a>, and three in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Australia</a>.</span></div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Description" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Description</span></span></h2><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Eagles differ from many other <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birds_of_prey" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Birds of prey">birds of prey</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;" title="The material in the vicinity of this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. from February 2011">[<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a></i>]</sup> mainly by their larger size, more powerful build, and heavier head and beak. Even the smallest eagles, like the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booted_Eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Booted Eagle</a> (which is comparable in size to a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Buzzard" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Common Buzzard</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-tailed_Hawk" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Red-tailed Hawk</a>), have relatively longer and more evenly broad wings, and more direct, faster flight<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;" title="The material in the vicinity of this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. from February 2011">[<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">who?</a></i>]</sup>. Most eagles are larger than any other raptors apart from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Vulture">vultures</a>. Species named as eagles range in size from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Nicobar_Serpent-eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">South Nicobar Serpent-eagle</a>, at 500 g (1.1 lb) and 40 cm (16 in), to the 6.7 kg (14.7 lbs) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steller%27s_Sea_Eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Steller's Sea Eagle</a> and the 100 cm (39 in) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Philippine Eagle</a>. Like all birds of prey, eagles have very large hooked <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beak" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Beak">beaks</a> for tearing flesh from their prey, strong muscular legs, and powerful <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claw" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Claw">talons</a>. They also have extremely keen eyesight which enables them to spot potential <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predation" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Predation">prey</a> from a very long distance.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagles#cite_note-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> This keen eyesight is primarily contributed by their extremely large pupils which ensure minimal <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffraction" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">diffraction</a> (scattering) of the incoming light.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Eagles build their nests, called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_nest" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Bird nest">eyries</a>, in tall trees or on high <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Cliff">cliffs</a>. Many species lay two eggs, but the older, larger chick frequently kills its younger sibling once it has hatched. The dominant chick tends to be the female, as they are bigger than the male. The parents take no action to stop the killing.</span></div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eagle&action=edit&section=2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Species">edit</a>]</span></span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Species" style="font-weight: normal;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Species</span></div></span></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martial_Eagle_in_Namibia.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="183" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8f/Martial_Eagle_in_Namibia.jpg/220px-Martial_Eagle_in_Namibia.jpg" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martial_Eagle_in_Namibia.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; text-align: justify; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Martial Eagle in Namibia.</span></div></div></div></div><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_eagle.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="131" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Wiki_eagle.jpg/220px-Wiki_eagle.jpg" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_eagle.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; text-align: justify; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Thermographic image of an eagle, thermoregulating using its wings.</span></div></div></div></div><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sir_Arny(Philippine_Eagle).jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Sir_Arny%28Philippine_Eagle%29.jpg/220px-Sir_Arny%28Philippine_Eagle%29.jpg" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sir_Arny(Philippine_Eagle).jpg" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; text-align: justify; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div><div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Philippine Eagle</a>, <i>Pithecophaga jefferyi</i> in Southern Philippines.</span></div></div></div></div><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WedgetailEagleCarrion.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="152" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/WedgetailEagleCarrion.jpg/220px-WedgetailEagleCarrion.jpg" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WedgetailEagleCarrion.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; text-align: justify; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Wedge Tailed Eagle in Australia.</span></div></div></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Major new research into eagle <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">taxonomy</a> suggests that the important genera <i>Aquila</i> and<i>Hieraaetus</i> are not composed of nearest relatives, and it is likely that a reclassification of these genera will soon take place, with some species being moved to <i>Lophaetus</i> or <i>Ictinaetus</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagles#cite_note-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></span></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonelli%27s_Eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Bonelli's Eagle</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booted_Eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Booted Eagle</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Little Eagle</a> have been moved from <i>Hieraaetus</i> to<i>Aquila</i>.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Either the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Spotted_Eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Greater Spotted Eagle</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Spotted_Eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Lesser Spotted Eagle</a> should move from <i>Aquila</i> to join the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-crested_Eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Long-crested Eagle</a> in <i>Lophaetus</i>, or, perhaps better, all three of these species should move to<i>Ictinaetus</i> with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Black Eagle</a>.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe_Eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Steppe Eagle</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawny_Eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Tawny Eagle</a>, once thought to be conspecific, are not even each other's nearest relatives.</span></li>
</ul><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">FAMILY ACCIPITRIDAE</span></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Subfamily <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buteoninae" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Buteoninae</a> - hawks (buzzards), true eagles and sea-eagles</span></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Genus <i>Geranoaetus</i></span></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-chested_Buzzard-eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Black-chested Buzzard-eagle</a>, <i>Geranoaetus melanoleucus</i></span></li>
</ul></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Genus <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpyhaliaetus" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Harpyhaliaetus</a></i></span></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowned_Solitary_Eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Crowned Solitary Eagle</a>, <i>Harpyhaliaetus coronatus</i></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solitary_Eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Solitary Eagle</a>, <i>H. solitarius</i></span></li>
</ul></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Genus <i>Morphnus</i></span></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crested_Eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Crested Eagle</a>, <i>Morphnus guianensis</i></span></li>
</ul></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Genus <i>Harpia</i></span></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpy_Eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Harpy Eagle</a>, <i>Harpia harpyja</i></span></li>
</ul></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Genus <i>Pithecophaga</i></span></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Philippine Eagle</a>, <i>Pithecophaga jefferyi</i></span></li>
</ul></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Genus <i>Harpyopsis</i></span></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea_Eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="New Guinea Eagle">New Guinea Eagle</a>, <i>Harpyopsis novaeguineae</i></span></li>
</ul></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Genus <i>Oroaetus</i></span></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-and-chestnut_Eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Black-and-chestnut Eagle</a>, <i>Oroaetus isidori</i></span></li>
</ul></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Genus <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spizaetus" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Spizaetus</a></i></span></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassin%27s_Hawk-eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Cassin's Hawk-eagle</a>, <i>Spizaetus africanus</i></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changeable_Hawk-eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Changeable Hawk-eagle</a>, <i>S. cirrhatus</i></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Hawk-eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Mountain Hawk-eagle</a>, <i>S. nipalensis</i></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blyth%27s_Hawk-eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Blyth's Hawk-eagle</a>, <i>S. alboniger</i></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_Hawk-eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Javan Hawk-eagle</a>, <i>S. bartelsi</i></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi_Hawk-eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Sulawesi Hawk-eagle</a>, <i>S. lanceolatus</i></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Hawk-eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Philippine Hawk-eagle</a>, <i>S. philippensis</i></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace%27s_Hawk-eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Wallace's Hawk-eagle</a>, <i>S. nanus</i></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk-eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Black Hawk-eagle</a>, <i>S. tyrannus</i></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornate_Hawk-eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Ornate Hawk-eagle</a>, <i>S. ornatus</i></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-and-white_Hawk-eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Black-and-white Hawk-eagle</a>, <i>S. melanoleucus</i></span></li>
</ul></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Genus <i>Lophaetus</i></span></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-crested_Eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Long-crested Eagle</a>, <i>Lophaetus occipitalis</i> - possibly belongs in <i>Ictinaetus</i></span></li>
</ul></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Genus <i>Stephanoaetus</i></span></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowned_Hawk-eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Crowned Hawk-eagle">Crowned Hawk-eagle</a>, <i>Stephanoaetus coronatus</i></span></li>
</ul></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Genus <i>Polemaetus</i></span></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_Eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Martial Eagle</a>, <i>Polemaetus bellicosus</i></span></li>
</ul></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Genus <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieraaetus" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Hieraaetus</a></i></span></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayres%27_Hawk-eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ayres' Hawk-eagle">Ayres' Hawk-eagle</a>, <i>Hieraaetus ayresii</i></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Hawk_Eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="African Hawk Eagle">African Hawk Eagle</a>, <i>H. spilogaster</i></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea_Hawk-eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="New Guinea Hawk-eagle">New Guinea Hawk-eagle</a>, <i>H. weiskei</i></span></li>
</ul></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Genus <i>Harpagornis</i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Extinction">extinct</a>)</span></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haast%27s_Eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Haast's Eagle</a>, †<i>Harpagornis moorei</i> - possibly belongs in either <i>Hieraaetus</i> or <i>Aquila</i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagles#cite_note-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></span></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
</ul><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eagle_Lahore_Zoo_June302005.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="166" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Eagle_Lahore_Zoo_June302005.jpg/220px-Eagle_Lahore_Zoo_June302005.jpg" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eagle_Lahore_Zoo_June302005.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; text-align: justify; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe_Eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Steppe Eagle</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Zoo" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Lahore Zoo</a> Pakistan.</span></div></div></div></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Genus <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquila_(genus)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Aquila (genus)">Aquila</a></i></span></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonelli%27s_Eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Bonelli's Eagle</a>, <i>Aquila fasciata</i> - formerly <i>Hieraaetus fasciatus</i></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booted_Eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Booted Eagle</a>, <i>A. pennata</i> - formerly <i>Hieraaetus pennatus</i></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Little Eagle</a>, <i>A. morphnoides</i></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Golden Eagle</a>, <i>A. chrysaetos</i></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Imperial_Eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Eastern Imperial Eagle</a>, <i>A. heliaca</i></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufous-bellied_Eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Rufous-bellied Eagle</a>, <i>A. kienerii</i></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Imperial_Eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Spanish Imperial Eagle</a> <i>A. adalberti</i></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe_Eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Steppe Eagle</a>, <i>A. nipalensis</i></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawny_Eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Tawny Eagle</a>, <i>A. rapax</i></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Spotted_Eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Greater Spotted Eagle</a>, <i>A. clanga</i> - to be moved to <i>Lophaetus</i> or <i>Ictinaetus</i></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Spotted_Eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Lesser Spotted Eagle</a>, <i>A. pomarina</i> - to be moved to <i>Lophaetus</i> or <i>Ictinaetus</i></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Spotted_Eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Indian Spotted Eagle</a>, <i>A. hastata</i> - to be moved to <i>Lophaetus</i> or <i>Ictinaetus</i></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verreaux%27s_Eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Verreaux's Eagle</a>, <i>A. verreauxii</i></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurney%27s_Eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Gurney's Eagle</a>, <i>A. gurneyi</i></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahlberg%27s_Eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Wahlberg's Eagle</a>, <i>A. wahlbergi</i></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedge-tailed_Eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Wedge-tailed Eagle</a>, <i>A. audax</i></span></li>
</ul></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Genus <i>Ictinaetus</i></span></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Black Eagle</a>, <i>Ictinaetus malayensis</i></span></li>
</ul></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Genus <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haliaeetus" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Haliaeetus">Haliaeetus</a></i></span></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed_Eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">White-tailed Eagle</a>, <i>Haliaeetus albicilla</i></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bald_Eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Bald Eagle</a>, <i>H. leucocephalus</i></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steller%27s_Sea-eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Steller's Sea-eagle">Steller's Sea-eagle</a>, <i>H. pelagicus</i></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Fish-eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="African Fish-eagle">African Fish-eagle</a>, <i>H. vocifer</i></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-bellied_Sea-eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="White-bellied Sea-eagle">White-bellied Sea-eagle</a>, <i>H. leucogaster</i></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanford%27s_Fish-eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sanford's Fish-eagle">Sanford's Fish-eagle</a>, <i>H. sanfordi</i></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar_Fish-eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Madagascar Fish-eagle">Madagascar Fish-eagle</a>, <i>H. vociferoides</i></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallas%27_Sea-eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Pallas' Sea-eagle">Pallas' Sea-eagle</a>, <i>H. leucoryphus</i></span></li>
</ul></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Genus <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichthyophaga" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Ichthyophaga</a></i></span></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Fish-eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Lesser Fish-eagle">Lesser Fish-eagle</a>, <i>Ichthyophaga humilis</i></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey-headed_Fish-eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Grey-headed Fish-eagle">Grey-headed Fish-eagle</a>, <i>I. ichthyaetus</i></span></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
</ul><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Circaetus_gallicus_01.JPG" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="317" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Circaetus_gallicus_01.JPG/220px-Circaetus_gallicus_01.JPG" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Circaetus_gallicus_01.JPG" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; text-align: justify; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A dark individual of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-toed_Eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Short-toed Eagle</a>.</span></div></div></div></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Subfamily <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circaetinae" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Circaetinae</a>: snake-eagles</span></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Genus <i>Terathopius</i></span></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateleur" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Bateleur</a>, <i>Terathopius ecaudatus</i></span></li>
</ul></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Genus <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circaetus" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Circaetus</a></i></span></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-toed_Eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Short-toed Eagle</a>, <i>Circaetus gallicus</i></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-chested_Snake-eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Black-chested Snake-eagle</a>, <i>C. pectoralis</i></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Snake-eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Brown Snake-eagle</a>, <i>C. cinereus</i></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasciated_Snake-eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Fasciated Snake-eagle">Fasciated Snake-eagle</a>, <i>C. fasciolatus</i></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banded_Snake-eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Banded Snake-eagle">Banded Snake-eagle</a>, <i>C. cinerascens</i></span></li>
</ul></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Genus <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spilornis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Spilornis</a></i></span></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crested_Serpent-eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Crested Serpent-eagle</a>, <i>Spilornis cheela</i></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicobar_Serpent-eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Nicobar Serpent-eagle">Nicobar Serpent-eagle</a>, <i>S. minimus</i></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Serpent-eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Mountain Serpent-eagle</a>,<i>S. kinabaluensis</i></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi_Serpent-eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Sulawesi Serpent-eagle</a>, <i>S. rufipectus</i></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spilornis_holospilus" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Spilornis holospilus">Philippine Serpent-eagle</a>, <i>S. holospilus</i></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_Serpent-eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Andaman Serpent-eagle</a>, <i>S. elgini</i></span></li>
</ul></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Genus <i>Eutriorchis</i></span></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar_Serpent-eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Madagascar Serpent-eagle</a>, <i>Eutriorchis astur</i></span></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
</ul><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eagle&action=edit&section=3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Eagles in culture">edit</a>]</span></span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Eagles_in_culture" style="font-weight: normal;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Eagles in culture</span></div></span></h2><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eagle&action=edit&section=4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: The word">edit</a>]</span></span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="The_word" style="font-weight: normal;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">The word</span></div></span></h3><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The modern <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="English language">English</a> name of the bird is derived from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Latin</a> term <i>aquila</i> by way of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="French language">French</a> <i>aigle</i>. The Latin <i>aquila</i> may derive from the word <i>aquilus</i>, meaning dark-colored, swarthy, or blackish, as a description of the eagle's plumage; or from <i>aquilo</i>, the Latin version of Greek<i>boreas</i>, or north wind; however, <i>aquilus</i> and <i>aquilo</i> may just as well derive from <i>aquila</i> (or be unrelated) and the latter be of unknown origin.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Old English</a> used the term <i>earn</i>, related to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Scandinavia</a>'s <i>ørn / örn</i>. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymology" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">etymology</a> of this word relates it to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Greek" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Modern Greek">Greek</a> <i>ornís</i>, meaning "bird", though other Indo-European languages (such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> <i>eryr</i> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Russian language">Russian</a> <i>orël</i> / орёл) show that the meaning 'eagle' is older. The Greek word may be an old <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminutive" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">diminutive</a>. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> word for eagle is "shqiponje" deriving from the root "shqipe", which means "eagle".</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Great Britain">Britain</a> before 1678, <i>Eagle</i> referred specifically to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Golden Eagle</a>, the other native species, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed_Eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">White-tailed Eagle</a>, being known as the Erne. The modern name "Golden Eagle" for <i>Aquila chrysaetos</i> was introduced by the naturalist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ray" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">John Ray</a>.</span></div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eagle&action=edit&section=5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Eagles as national symbols">edit</a>]</span></span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Eagles_as_national_symbols" style="font-weight: normal;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Eagles as national symbols</span></div></span></h3><div class="rellink boilerplate seealso" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">See also: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_(heraldry)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Eagle (heraldry)</a></span></div><ul class="gallery" style="background-color: white; display: block; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 2px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: 2px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-top: 2px; zoom: 1;"><li class="gallerybox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: white; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-left-color: white; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; border-right-color: white; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 2px; border-top-color: white; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 2px; display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px; zoom: 1;"><div style="width: 155px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; height: 150px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 2px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 15px; text-align: justify;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Albanian_Kingdom.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="120" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Albanian_Kingdom.png/107px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Albanian_Kingdom.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="107" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 2px; word-wrap: break-word;"><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Coat of arms of the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Albanian Kingdom</a> (1928–1939)(used by Skenderbe in the 15th century but dating long time ago as a symbol of Albania translated in native language as "Land of Eagles")</div></div></span></div></li>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></div><li class="gallerybox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: white; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-left-color: white; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; border-right-color: white; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 2px; border-top-color: white; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 2px; display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px; zoom: 1;"><div style="width: 155px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; height: 150px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 2px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 15px; text-align: justify;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Austria_Bundesadler.svg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="120" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Austria_Bundesadler.svg/113px-Austria_Bundesadler.svg.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="113" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 2px; word-wrap: break-word;"><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Austria" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Coat of arms of Austria</a></div></div></span></div></li>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></div><li class="gallerybox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: white; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-left-color: white; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; border-right-color: white; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 2px; border-top-color: white; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 2px; display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px; zoom: 1;"><div style="width: 155px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; height: 150px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 2px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 31px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 31px; text-align: justify;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Byzantine_eagle.JPG" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="87" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Byzantine_eagle.JPG/120px-Byzantine_eagle.JPG" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="120" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 2px; word-wrap: break-word;"><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Double-headed eagle emblem of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Byzantine Empire</a>. Relief from the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople</a></div></div></span></div></li>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></div><li class="gallerybox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: white; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-left-color: white; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; border-right-color: white; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 2px; border-top-color: white; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 2px; display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px; zoom: 1;"><div style="width: 155px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; height: 150px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 2px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 15px; text-align: justify;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt_(Official).svg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="120" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt_%28Official%29.svg/88px-Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt_%28Official%29.svg.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="88" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 2px; word-wrap: break-word;"><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Coat of arms of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Egypt</a>.</div></div></span></div></li>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></div><li class="gallerybox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: white; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-left-color: white; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; border-right-color: white; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 2px; border-top-color: white; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 2px; display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px; zoom: 1;"><div style="width: 155px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; height: 150px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 2px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 15px; text-align: justify;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_2.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="119" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_2.png/106px-Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_2.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="106" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 2px; word-wrap: break-word;"><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsadler" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Reichsadler</a> symbol of the Holy Roman Empire of German Nation and Imperial Germany (1871-1918).</div></div></span></div></li>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></div><li class="gallerybox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: white; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-left-color: white; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; border-right-color: white; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 2px; border-top-color: white; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 2px; display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px; zoom: 1;"><div style="width: 155px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; height: 150px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 2px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 15px; text-align: justify;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Germany.svg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="120" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Coat_of_Arms_of_Germany.svg/92px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Germany.svg.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="92" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 2px; word-wrap: break-word;"><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Coat of arms of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Germany</a>. It dates back to the eagle as a symbol of the Holy Roman Empire of German Nation (800–1806), the so called <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_Arms_of_Germany" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Coat of Arms of Germany">Bundesadler</a>.</div></div></span></div></li>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></div><li class="gallerybox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: white; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-left-color: white; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; border-right-color: white; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 2px; border-top-color: white; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 2px; display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px; zoom: 1;"><div style="width: 155px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; height: 150px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 2px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 23px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 23px; text-align: justify;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seal_of_Karnataka.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="104" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Seal_of_Karnataka.png/120px-Seal_of_Karnataka.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="120" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 2px; word-wrap: break-word;"><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">This is the state emblem of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Karnataka</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">India</a>. The bird in the middle is the "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandaberunda" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Gandaberunda</a>."</div></div></span></div></li>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></div><li class="gallerybox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: white; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-left-color: white; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; border-right-color: white; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 2px; border-top-color: white; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 2px; display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px; zoom: 1;"><div style="width: 155px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; height: 150px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 2px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 20px; text-align: justify;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="109" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="120" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 2px; word-wrap: break-word;"><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Coat of arms of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Mexico</a>. It dates back to the legend of the founding of the main Aztec city-state<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitlan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Tenochtitlan</a> in 1325.</div></div></span></div></li>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></div><li class="gallerybox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: white; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-left-color: white; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; border-right-color: white; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 2px; border-top-color: white; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 2px; display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px; zoom: 1;"><div style="width: 155px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; height: 150px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 2px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 15px; text-align: justify;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aigle-napoleonienne-p1030180.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="120" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Aigle-napoleonienne-p1030180.jpg/100px-Aigle-napoleonienne-p1030180.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="100" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 2px; word-wrap: break-word;"><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Napoleonic eagle.</div></div></span></div></li>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></div><li class="gallerybox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: white; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-left-color: white; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; border-right-color: white; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 2px; border-top-color: white; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 2px; display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px; zoom: 1;"><div style="width: 155px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; height: 150px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 2px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 21px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 21px; text-align: justify;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_Berg_en_Terblijt.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="108" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Coat_of_arms_Berg_en_Terblijt.png/120px-Coat_of_arms_Berg_en_Terblijt.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="120" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 2px; word-wrap: break-word;"><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Coat of arms of the town of<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berg_en_Terblijt" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Berg en Terblijt</a> in the Netherlands, an example of the prolific use of the eagle in European<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraldry" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">heraldry</a>.</div></div></span></div></li>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></div><li class="gallerybox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: white; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-left-color: white; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; border-right-color: white; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 2px; border-top-color: white; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 2px; display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px; zoom: 1;"><div style="width: 155px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; height: 150px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 2px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 15px; text-align: justify;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Herb_Polski.svg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="120" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Herb_Polski.svg/102px-Herb_Polski.svg.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="102" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 2px; word-wrap: break-word;"><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Coat of arms of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Poland</a>. The symbol of an eagle appeared for the first time on the coins made during the reign of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_I_Chrobry" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Bolesław I Chrobry">Bolesław I</a>(992–1025), initially as the coat of arms of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piast_dynasty" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Piast dynasty</a>.</div></div></span></div></li>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></div><li class="gallerybox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: white; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-left-color: white; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; border-right-color: white; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 2px; border-top-color: white; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 2px; display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px; zoom: 1;"><div style="width: 155px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; height: 150px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 2px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 15px; text-align: justify;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stema_Mihai_Viteazul.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="120" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Stema_Mihai_Viteazul.jpg/120px-Stema_Mihai_Viteazul.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="120" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 2px; word-wrap: break-word;"><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Coat of arms of the Romanian Principalities in 1600, having the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallachia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Wallachia">Wallachian</a> eagle on top.</div></div></span></div></li>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></div><li class="gallerybox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: white; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-left-color: white; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; border-right-color: white; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 2px; border-top-color: white; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 2px; display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px; zoom: 1;"><div style="width: 155px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; height: 150px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 2px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 15px; text-align: justify;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="120" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg/101px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="101" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 2px; word-wrap: break-word;"><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Coat of arms of the<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Federation" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a>.</div></div></span></div></li>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></div><li class="gallerybox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: white; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-left-color: white; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; border-right-color: white; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 2px; border-top-color: white; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 2px; display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px; zoom: 1;"><div style="width: 155px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; height: 150px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 2px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 15px; text-align: justify;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Russian_Empire.svg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="120" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Russian_Empire.svg/99px-Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Russian_Empire.svg.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="99" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 2px; word-wrap: break-word;"><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Coat of arms of the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Russian Empire</a>. Including<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsardom_of_Poland" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Tsardom of Poland">Tsardom of Poland</a> and<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Grand Duchy of Finland</a>and other Russian dependencies</div></div></span></div></li>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></div><li class="gallerybox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: white; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-left-color: white; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; border-right-color: white; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 2px; border-top-color: white; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 2px; display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px; zoom: 1;"><div style="width: 155px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; height: 150px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 2px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 15px; text-align: justify;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Divrigi02.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="119" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Divrigi02.jpg/80px-Divrigi02.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="80" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 2px; word-wrap: break-word;"><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Coat of arms of the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Seljuq_Empire" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Great Seljuq Empire">Seljukians</a></div></div></span></div></li>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></div><li class="gallerybox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: white; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-left-color: white; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; border-right-color: white; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 2px; border-top-color: white; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 2px; display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px; zoom: 1;"><div style="width: 155px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; height: 150px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 2px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 15px; text-align: justify;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_small.svg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="119" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_small.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_small.svg.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="60" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 2px; word-wrap: break-word;"><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Coat of arms of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Serbia</a>.</div></div></span></div></li>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></div><li class="gallerybox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: white; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-left-color: white; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; border-right-color: white; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 2px; border-top-color: white; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 2px; display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px; zoom: 1;"><div style="width: 155px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; height: 150px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 2px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 15px; text-align: justify;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US-GreatSeal-Obverse.svg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="120" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/US-GreatSeal-Obverse.svg/120px-US-GreatSeal-Obverse.svg.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="120" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 2px; word-wrap: break-word;"><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">The Great Seal of the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">United States</a>.</div></div></span></div></li>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></div><li class="gallerybox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: white; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-left-color: white; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; border-right-color: white; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 2px; border-top-color: white; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 2px; display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px; zoom: 1;"><div style="width: 155px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; height: 150px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 2px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 15px; text-align: justify;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Velletri-Stemma.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="119" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Velletri-Stemma.png/86px-Velletri-Stemma.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="86" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 2px; word-wrap: break-word;"><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Coat of arms of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velletri" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Velletri</a>.</div></div></span></div></li>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></div><li class="gallerybox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: white; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-left-color: white; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; border-right-color: white; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 2px; border-top-color: white; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 2px; display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px; zoom: 1;"><div style="width: 155px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; height: 150px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 2px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 17px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 17px; text-align: justify;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Armenia.svg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="116" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Coat_of_arms_of_Armenia.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Armenia.svg.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="120" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 2px; word-wrap: break-word;"><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Armenia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Coat of arms of Armenia</a>.</div></div></span></div></li>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></div><li class="gallerybox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: white; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-left-color: white; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; border-right-color: white; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 2px; border-top-color: white; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 2px; display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px; zoom: 1;"><div style="width: 155px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; height: 150px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 2px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 20px; text-align: justify;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Nagorno-Karabakh.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="109" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Coat_of_arms_of_Nagorno-Karabakh.png/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Nagorno-Karabakh.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="120" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 2px; word-wrap: break-word;"><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Nagorno-Karabakh_Republic" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Coat of arms of Nagorno-Karabakh Republic">Coat of arms of Nagorno-Karabakh Republic</a>.</div></div></span></div></li>
</ul><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Eagles have been used by many nations as a national symbol.</span></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Seljuq_Empire" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Great Seljuq Empire">coat of arms of the Seljukian Empire</a> has a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-headed_eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">double-headed eagle</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">coat of arms of Albania</a> has a black <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-headed_eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">double-headed eagle</a>. Furthermore the eagle gives Albania its name ( in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> <i>Shqiperia</i>meaning <i>Land of the eagles</i>) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanians" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Albanians</a> call themselves <i>shqipetar</i> or <i>shqipe</i> meaning <i>eagles</i>.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Armenia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">coat of arms of Armenia</a> has a gold eagle and lion.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Austria" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">coat of arms of Austria</a> has a black eagle.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">coat of arms of the Czech Republic</a> integrates the symbols of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moravia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Moravia</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Silesia</a> (both with female eagles in their emblems - red-and-white <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chequered&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Chequered (page does not exist)">chequered</a> and black respectively) on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">coat of arms of the Czech Republic</a> with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Bohemia</a>'s lion.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">coat of arms of Egypt</a> is a golden eagle looking towards the viewer's left. It is taking from the golden Eagle of Saladin founded on<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin_Citadel" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Saladin Citadel">Saladin Citadel</a> of Cairo.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">coat of arms of Germany</a> has a black eagle.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ghana" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">coat of arms of Ghana</a> has two golden eagles holding it.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Iceland" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">coat of arms of Iceland</a> has a eagle holding it, as well as a dragon, a bull and a giant.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Indonesia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Coat of arms of Indonesia">coat of arms of Indonesia</a> has an eagle-like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garuda" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">garuda</a> carrying a shield on its neck and a banner on its feet.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">coat of arms of Iraq</a> has the golden Eagle of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Saladin</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Jordan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">coat of arms of Jordan</a> has a black eagle.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">coat of arms of Mexico</a> has a golden eagle perched upon a cactus devouring a snake.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Moldova" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">coat of arms of Moldova</a> consists of a stylized eagle holding a cross in its beak and a sceptre and a branch in its claws.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Montenegro" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">coat of arms of Montenegro</a> represents the two-headed eagle in flight.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navarre" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Navarre">coat of arms of Navarre/Basque Country Kingdom</a> has a black eagle.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Nigeria" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">coat of arms of Nigeria</a> has a red eagle on top.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Panama" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">coat of arms of Panama</a> has a harpy eagle</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">coat of arms of the Philippines</a> has the bald eagle of the United States as a symbol of its colonial past, but the Monkey-eating Eagle is the <i>de jure</i> National Bird of the country.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Poland" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">coat of arms of Poland</a> has a white eagle with a golden beak and talons wearing a golden crown.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Romania" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">coat of arms of Romania</a> has a golden <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquila" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">aquila</a> holding a cross in its beak and a mace and a sword in its claws.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Russia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">coat of arms of Russia</a> has a gold <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-headed_eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">double-headed eagle</a>.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">coat of arms of Serbia</a> has a white bicephalic eagle of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Nemanji%C4%87" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">House of Nemanjić</a>.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Syria" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">coat of arms of Syria</a> formerly had the eagle of Saladin.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Great Seal of the United States</a> has a bald eagle.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Yemen" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Coat of arms of Yemen">coat of arms of Yemen</a> depicts a golden eagle with a scroll between its claws.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Zambia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">coat of arms of Zambia</a> has a orange red eagle on top.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ghana" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">coat of arms of Ghana</a> has two eagles.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Polish and the Serbian eagles are distinguished by their white color.</span></li>
</ul><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Historic uses:</span></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic</a> rulers of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Egypt</a> used it as their seal.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_I" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Napoleon I</a> used the Roman Golden Eagle as the symbol of his new French empire.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Empire" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Persian Empire">Persian Empire</a>: the symbol of Persian Army was an Eagle.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> used it on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquila_(Roman)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Aquila (Roman)">standards of their armies</a>. From this derives:</span></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The late <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Byzantine Empire</a> chose a two-headed golden eagle as its symbol. It is popularly that one head symbolised ancient Rome, and the other head symbolized "new Rome" at Constantinople. From this derives:</span></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The two-headed eagle is the emblem of "Shqipëria" or <i>Land of the Eagles</i>, which is known in English as Albania (see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tale_of_the_Eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">The Tale of the Eagle</a> for the legendary origin of the name)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">After the fall of Constantinople, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Russian Empire</a> took the two-headed eagle as its own symbol.</span></li>
</ul></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">After his crowning as the new Roman Emperor, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Charlemagne</a> adopted the ancient <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquila_(Roman)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Aquila (Roman)">Roman eagle</a> as his own symbol. The Holy Roman Empire born of his kingdom took the eagle, but the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Habsburg">Habsburgs</a> replaced the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Golden eagle">golden eagle</a> by an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsadler" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Reichsadler">imperial eagle</a>. From this derives:</span></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Austrian Empire</a> had a two-headed eagle as its symbol. After the abolition of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Austria-Hungary</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Austria</a> took as its symbol a one-headed eagle in the modern <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Austria" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">coat of arms of Austria</a>.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Prussia</a>, and later <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Germany</a> have used a black eagle as their national symbol.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Spain">Spanish</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_monarchs" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Catholic monarchs">Catholic monarchs</a>, Isabella and Ferdinand, used the eagle as a part of the royal shield representing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="John the Evangelist">Saint John the Evangelist</a>. The eagle was again on the Spanish shield under the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francoist_regime" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Francoist regime">Francoist regime</a> and the transition to Democracy (1939–1981).</span></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Seljuk Turks and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Ottoman Turks</a> used a double-headed eagle as coats-of-arms.</span></li>
</ul><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eagle&action=edit&section=6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</span></span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Religion" style="font-weight: normal;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Religion</span></div></span></h3><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moche" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Moche</a> people of ancient <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Peru</a> worshiped the animal and often depicted eagles in their art.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagles#cite_note-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Despite modern and historic Native American practices of giving eagle feathers to non-indigenous people and also members of other tribes who have been deemed worthy, current United States <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_feather_law" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">eagle feather law</a> stipulates that only individuals of certifiable <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> ancestry enrolled in a federally recognized tribe are legally authorized to obtain eagle feathers for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Religion">religious</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirituality" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Spirituality">spiritual</a> reasons.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagles#cite_note-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> In Canada, poaching of eagle feathers for the booming U.S. market has sometimes resulted in the arrests of First Nations person for the crime.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagles#cite_note-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></span></div><ul class="gallery" style="background-color: white; display: block; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 2px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: 2px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-top: 2px; zoom: 1;"><li class="gallerybox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: white; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-left-color: white; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; border-right-color: white; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 2px; border-top-color: white; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 2px; display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px; zoom: 1;"><div style="width: 155px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; height: 150px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 2px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 15px; text-align: justify;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Garuda_by_Hyougushi_in_Delhi.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="119" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Garuda_by_Hyougushi_in_Delhi.jpg/80px-Garuda_by_Hyougushi_in_Delhi.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="80" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 2px; word-wrap: break-word;"><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garuda" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Garuda</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahana" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Vahana</a> of Lord <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Vishnu</a></div></div></span></div></li>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></div><li class="gallerybox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: white; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-left-color: white; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; border-right-color: white; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 2px; border-top-color: white; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 2px; display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px; zoom: 1;"><div style="width: 155px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; height: 150px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 2px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 30px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 30px; text-align: justify;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Garuda02.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="90" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Garuda02.jpg/120px-Garuda02.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="120" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 2px; word-wrap: break-word;"><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garuda" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Garuda</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murthi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Murthi">murthi</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">West Bengal</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">India</a></div></div></span></div></li>
</ul><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> religion, <span class="Unicode" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: normal;" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration">Garuda</span> is a lesser <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divinity" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">divinity</a>, usually the mount (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahana" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Vahana">vahanam</a>) of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Vishnu</a>. <span class="Unicode" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: normal;" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration">Garuda</span> is depicted as having the golden body of a strong man with a white face, red wings, and an eagle's beak and with a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_(headgear)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Crown (headgear)">crown</a> on his head. This ancient deity was said to be massive, large enough to block out the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">sun</a>.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The eagle is also the patron animal of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeus" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Zeus</a>. In particular, Zeus was said to have taken the form of an eagle in order to abduct <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganymede_(mythology)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ganymede (mythology)">Ganymede</a>, and there are numerous artistic depictions of the Eagle Zeus bearing Ganymede aloft, from Classical times up to the present (see illustrations in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganymede_(mythology)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Ganymede (mythology)</a> p</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px;">age.)</span></div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eagle&action=edit&section=7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span><div><br />
</div><span class="mw-headline" id="References"></span></h2></div>tentang_bencanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07521135024478553368noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7100868353950170594.post-61394987838622041422011-02-10T00:40:00.000-08:002011-02-10T00:40:44.740-08:00shark<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 19px;"></span><br />
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;"><b>Sharks</b> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superorder" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Superorder">superorder</a> <b>Selachimorpha</b>) are a type of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Fish">fish</a> with a full <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartilage" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Cartilage">cartilaginous</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeleton" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Skeleton">skeleton</a> and a highly <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streamlines,_streaklines_and_pathlines" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Streamlines, streaklines and pathlines">streamlined</a>body. The earliest known sharks date from more than 420 million years ago.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RQGT_0-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-RQGT-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Since that time, sharks have diversified into <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sharks" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="List of sharks">440 species</a>, ranging in size from the small <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf_lanternshark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Dwarf lanternshark">dwarf lanternshark</a>,<i>Etmopterus perryi</i>, a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_sea" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Deep sea">deep sea</a> species of only 17 centimetres (6.7 in) in length, to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Whale shark">whale shark</a>, <i>Rhincodon typus</i>, the largest fish, which reaches approximately 12 metres (39 ft 4 in) and which feeds only on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plankton" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Plankton">plankton</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Squid">squid</a>, and small <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Fish">fish</a> by <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_feeding" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Filter feeding">filter feeding</a>. Sharks are found in all seas and are common down to depths of 2,000 metres (6,600 ft). They generally do not live in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Freshwater">freshwater</a>, with a few exceptions such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Bull shark">bull shark</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="River shark">river shark</a> which can live both in seawater and freshwater.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> They breathe through five to seven <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gill" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gill">gill</a> slits. Sharks have a covering of<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermal_denticle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Dermal denticle">dermal denticles</a> that protects their skin from damage and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasite" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Parasite">parasites</a>, and improves their <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Fluid dynamics">fluid dynamics</a> so the shark can move faster. They have several sets of replaceable teeth.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Budker_2-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-Budker-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Well-known species such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_white_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Great white shark">great white shark</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Tiger shark">tiger shark</a>, and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammerhead_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Hammerhead shark">hammerhead</a> are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apex_predator" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Apex predator">apex predators</a>, at the top of the underwater <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_chain" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Food chain">food chain</a>. Their extraordinary skills as predators fascinate and frighten humans, even as their survival is under serious threat from fishing and other human activities.</div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"><br />
[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark&action=edit&section=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</span></h2><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Until the 16th century,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> sharks were known to mariners as "sea dogs".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> According to the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OED" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="OED">OED</a> the name "shark" first came into use after Sir <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hawkins" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="John Hawkins">John Hawkins</a>' sailors exhibited one in London in 1569 and used the word to refer to the large sharks of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a>, and later as a general term for all sharks. It has also been suggested to be derived from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yucatec_Maya_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Yucatec Maya language">Yucatec Maya</a> word for shark, <i>xok</i>, pronounced 'shok'.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup></div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark&action=edit&section=2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Anatomy">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Anatomy">Anatomy</span></h2><div class="floatright" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; position: relative;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parts_of_a_shark.svg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="The major features of sharks"><img alt="Drawing of a shark labeling major anatomical features, including mouth, snout, nostril, eye, spiracle, dorsal fin spine, caudal keel, clasper, labial furrows, gill openings, precaudal pit and fins: first and second dorsal, anal, pectoral, caudal and pelvic." height="185" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Parts_of_a_shark.svg/440px-Parts_of_a_shark.svg.png" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="440" /></a></div><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_sharks" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Physical characteristics of sharks">Physical characteristics of sharks</a></div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark&action=edit&section=3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Teeth">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Teeth">Teeth</span></h3><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; border-width: initial; clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tiger_shark_teeth.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Photo of serrated teeth" class="thumbimage" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tiger_shark_teeth.jpg/220px-Tiger_shark_teeth.jpg" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tiger_shark_teeth.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>The teeth of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Tiger shark">tiger shark</a> are oblique and serrated for sawing through flesh.</div></div></div><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em;">Main article: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark_teeth" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Shark teeth">Shark teeth</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Shark teeth are embedded in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gingiva" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gingiva">gums</a> rather than directly affixed to the jaw, and are constantly replaced throughout life. Multiple rows of replacement teeth grow in a groove on the inside of the jaw and steadily move forward as in a "conveyor belt"; some sharks lose 30,000 or more teeth in their lifetime. The rate of tooth replacement varies from once every 8–10 days to several months. In most species teeth are replaced one at a time, except in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isistius" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Isistius">cookiecutter sharks</a> the entire row of teeth is replaced simultaneously.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SkinTeeth_6-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-SkinTeeth-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Tooth shape depends on diet: sharks that feed on <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusk" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Mollusk">mollusks</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustacean" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a> have dense flattened teeth for crushing, those that feed on fish have needle-like teeth for gripping, and those that feed on larger prey such as mammals have pointed lower teeth for gripping and triangular upper teeth with serrated edges for cutting. The teeth of plankton-feeders such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basking_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Basking shark">basking shark</a> are smaller and non-functional.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Gilbertson_7-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-Gilbertson-7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup></div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark&action=edit&section=4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Skeleton">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Skeleton">Skeleton</span></h3><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Shark skeletons are very different from those of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteichthyes" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Osteichthyes">bony fish</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapod" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Tetrapod">terrestrial vertebrates</a>. Sharks and other <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrichthyes" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Chondrichthyes">cartilaginous fish</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skate" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Skate">skates</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batoidea" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Batoidea">rays</a>) have skeletons made of<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartilage" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Cartilage">cartilage</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connective_tissue" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Connective tissue">connective tissue</a>. Cartilage is flexible and durable, yet has about half the density of bone. This reduces the skeleton’s weight, saving energy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-skeletoncorset_8-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-skeletoncorset-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup>Sharks have no rib cage and therefore on land a shark's own weight can crush it.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-langoni_9-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-langoni-9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup></div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark&action=edit&section=5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Jaw">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Jaw">Jaw</span></h3><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Like its relatives, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batoidea" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Batoidea">rays</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skate" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Skate">skates</a>, the shark's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaw" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Jaw">jaw</a> is not attached to the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Cranium">cranium</a>. The jaw's surface, like the shark's <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrae" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Vertebrae">vertebrae</a> and gill arches, needs extra support due to its heavy exposure to physical stress and its need for strength. It has a layer of tiny <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexagon" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Hexagon">hexagonal</a> plates called "<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesserae" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Tesserae">tesserae</a>", which are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Crystal">crystal</a> blocks of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Calcium">calcium</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Salt">salts</a> arranged as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-10" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> This gives these areas much of the same strength found in the bony tissue found in other animals.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Generally sharks have only one layer of tesserae, but the jaws of large specimens, such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Bull shark">bull shark</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Tiger shark">tiger shark</a>, and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_white_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Great white shark">great white shark</a>, have two to three layers or more, depending on body size. The jaws of a large <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_white_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Great white shark">great white shark</a> may have up to five layers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-skeletoncorset_8-1" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-skeletoncorset-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostrum_(anatomy)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Rostrum (anatomy)">rostrum</a> (snout), the cartilage can be spongy and flexible to absorb the power of impacts.</div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark&action=edit&section=6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Fins">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Fins">Fins</span></h3><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Fin skeletons are elongated and supported with soft and unsegmented rays named ceratotrichia, filaments of elastic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Protein">protein</a> resembling the horny <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Keratin">keratin</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Hair">hair</a> and<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feathers" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Feathers">feathers</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> Sharks can only drift away from objects directly in front of them because their fins do not allow them to move in the tail-first direction.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-langoni_9-1" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-langoni-9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup></div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark&action=edit&section=7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Dermal denticles">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Dermal_denticles">Dermal denticles</span></h3><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em;">Main article: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermal_denticle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Dermal denticle">Dermal denticle</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Unlike bony fish, sharks have a complex dermal <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corset" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Corset">corset</a> made of flexible <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagen" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Collagen">collagenous</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Fiber">fibers</a> and arranged as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helix" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Helix">helical</a> network surrounding their body. This works as an outer skeleton, providing attachment for their swimming muscles and thus saving energy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Cartilagious_12-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-Cartilagious-12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> In the past, sharkskin has been used as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandpaper" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sandpaper">sandpaper</a>. Their dermal teeth give them <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrodynamic" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Hydrodynamic">hydrodynamic</a> advantages as they reduce <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbulence" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Turbulence">turbulence</a> when <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_locomotion" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Aquatic locomotion">swimming</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SkinTeeth_6-1" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-SkinTeeth-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark&action=edit&section=8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Tails">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Tails">Tails</span></h3><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; border-width: initial; clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 302px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shark_Tail_shapes.svg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Drawing of several shark tails." class="thumbimage" height="299" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Shark_Tail_shapes.svg/300px-Shark_Tail_shapes.svg.png" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="300" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shark_Tail_shapes.svg" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>The range of shark tail shapes</div></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Varying tail shapes have evolved in sharks adapted for different environments. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Tail">Tail</a> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caudal_fin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Caudal fin">caudal fins</a>) vary considerably between species. The tail provides thrust, making speed and acceleration dependent on tail shape. Sharks possess a heterocercal caudal fin in which the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsum_(biology)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Dorsum (biology)">dorsal</a> portion is usually noticeably larger than the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ventral">ventral</a> portion. This is because the shark's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebral_column" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Vertebral column">vertebral column</a> extends into that dorsal portion, providing a greater surface area for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Muscle">muscle</a> attachment. This allows more efficient <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_locomotion" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Animal locomotion">locomotion</a> among these negatively <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buoyancy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Buoyancy">buoyant</a> cartilaginous fishes. By contrast, most bony fishes possess a homocercal caudal fin.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-13" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">The tiger shark's tail has a large upper <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobe_(anatomy)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Lobe (anatomy)">lobe</a> which delivers maximum power for slow cruising or sudden bursts of speed. The tiger shark must be able to twist and turn in the water easily when hunting to support its varied diet, whereas the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porbeagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Porbeagle">porbeagle</a>, which hunts schooling fish such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackerel" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Mackerel">mackerel</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herring" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Herring">herring</a> has a large lower lobe to help it keep pace with its fast-swimming prey.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nelson_14-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-Nelson-14" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> Some tail adaptations have other purposes. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thresher_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Thresher shark">thresher</a> feeds on fish and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Squid">squid</a>, which it herds and stuns with its powerful and elongated upper lobe.</div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark&action=edit&section=9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Physiology">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Physiology">Physiology</span></h2><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark&action=edit&section=10" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Buoyancy">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Buoyancy">Buoyancy</span></h3><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Unlike bony fish, sharks do not have gas-filled swim bladders for buoyancy. Instead, sharks rely on a large liver, filled with oil that contains <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squalene" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Squalene">squalene</a> and the fact that cartilage is about half as dense as bone.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Cartilagious_12-1" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-Cartilagious-12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> The liver constitutes up to 30% of their body mass.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Collins_15-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-Collins-15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> The liver's effectiveness is limited, so sharks employ <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_lift_(fish)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Dynamic lift (fish)">dynamic lift</a> to maintain depth, sinking when they stop swimming. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_tiger_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sand tiger shark">Sand tiger sharks</a> store air in their stomachs, using it as a form of swim bladder. Most sharks need to constantly swim in order to breathe and cannot sleep very long, if at all, without sinking. However certain shark species, like the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurse_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Nurse shark">nurse shark</a>, are capable of pumping water across their gills, allowing them to rest on the ocean bottom.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-16" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Some sharks, if inverted or stroked on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nose" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Nose">nose</a>, enter a natural state of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonic_immobility" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Tonic immobility">tonic immobility</a>. Researchers use this condition to handle sharks safely.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ParttGruberTaniuchi_17-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-ParttGruberTaniuchi-17" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup></div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark&action=edit&section=11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Respiration">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Respiration">Respiration</span></h3><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Like other fish, sharks extract <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> from seawater as it passes over their <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gill" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gill">gills</a>. Unlike other fish, shark gill slits are not covered, but lie in a row behind the head. A modified slit called a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiracle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Spiracle">spiracle</a> lies just behind the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Eye">eye</a>; the spiracle assists water intake during <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_respiration" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Aquatic respiration">respiration</a> and plays a major role in bottom–dwelling sharks. Spiracles are reduced or missing in active <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagic" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Pelagic">pelagic</a> sharks.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Gilbertson_7-1" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-Gilbertson-7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> While the shark is moving, water passes through the mouth and over the gills in a process known as "ram ventilation". While at rest, most sharks pump water over their gills to ensure a constant supply of oxygenated water. A small number of species have lost the ability to pump water through their gills and must swim without rest. These species are <i>obligate ram ventilators</i> and would presumably <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphyxiate" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Asphyxiate">asphyxiate</a> if unable to move. Obligate ram ventilation is also true of some pelagic bony fish species.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-18" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">The respiration and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Circulatory system">circulation</a> process begins when deoxygenated <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Blood">blood</a> travels to the shark's two-chambered <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Heart">heart</a>. Here the shark pumps blood to its gills via the ventral <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aorta" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Aorta">aorta</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artery" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Artery">artery</a> where it branches into <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afferent" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Afferent">afferent</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Arm">brachial</a> arteries. Reoxygenation takes place in the gills and the reoxygenated blood flows into the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efferent_arterioles" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Efferent arterioles">efferent</a>brachial arteries, which come together to form the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_aorta" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Dorsal aorta">dorsal aorta</a>. The blood flows from the dorsal aorta throughout the body. The deoxygenated blood from the body then flows through the posterior <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_veins" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Cardinal veins">cardinal veins</a> and enters the posterior cardinal <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinus" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sinus">sinuses</a>. From there blood enters the heart <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricle_(heart)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ventricle (heart)">ventricle</a> and the cycle repeats.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-19" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup></div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark&action=edit&section=12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Thermoregulation">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Thermoregulation">Thermoregulation</span></h3><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Most sharks are "cold-blooded", or more precisely <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poikilotherm" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Poikilotherm">poikilothermic</a>, meaning that their internal <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoregulation" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Thermoregulation">body temperature</a> matches that of their ambient environment. Members of the family <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamnidae" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Lamnidae">Lamnidae</a>, such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortfin_mako_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Shortfin mako shark">shortfin mako shark</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_white_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Great white shark">great white shark</a>, are <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeothermy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Homeothermy">homeothermic</a> and maintain a higher body temperature than the surrounding water. In these sharks, a strip of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic_metabolism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Aerobic metabolism">aerobic</a> red muscle located near the center of the body generates the heat, which the body retains via a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countercurrent_exchange" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Countercurrent exchange">countercurrent exchange</a> mechanism by a system of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vessel" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Blood vessel">blood vessels</a> called the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rete_mirabile" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Rete mirabile">rete mirabile</a> ("miraculous net"). The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_thresher" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Common thresher">common thresher shark</a> has a similar mechanism for maintaining an elevated body temperature, which is thought to have evolved independently<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;" title="The material in the vicinity of this tag failed verification of its source citation(s) from November 2010">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">not in citation given</a></i>]</sup>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-20" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup></div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark&action=edit&section=13" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Osmoregulation">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Osmoregulation">Osmoregulation</span></h3><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">In contrast to bony fish, with the exception of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coelacanth" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Coelacanth">Coelacanth</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-21" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> the blood and other tissue of sharks and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrichthyes" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Chondrichthyes">Chondrichthyes</a> in general is <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotonicity" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Isotonicity">isotonic</a> to their marine environments because of the high concentration of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urea" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Urea">urea</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethylamine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Trimethylamine">trimethylamine</a> N-oxide (TMAO), allowing them to be in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmotic" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Osmotic">osmotic</a> balance with the seawater. This adaptation prevents most sharks from surviving in fresh water, and they are therefore confined to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_(ocean)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Marine (ocean)">marine</a> environments. A few exceptions to this rule exist, such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Bull shark">bull shark</a> which has developed a way to change its <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Kidney">kidney</a> function to excrete large amounts of urea.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Collins_15-1" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-Collins-15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> When a shark dies the urea is broken down to ammonia by bacteria — because of this, the dead body will gradually start to smell strongly of ammonia.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-22" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup></div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark&action=edit&section=14" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Digestion">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Digestion">Digestion</span></h3><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Digestion can take a long time. The food moves from the mouth to a 'J' shaped stomach, where it is stored and initial digestion occurs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Digestion_24-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-Digestion-24" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup> Unwanted items may never get past the stomach, and instead the shark either vomits or turns its stomachs inside out and ejects unwanted items from its mouth.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">One of the biggest differences between shark and mammalian digestion is sharks’ extremely short intestine. This short length is achieved by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiral_valve" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Spiral valve">spiral valve</a> with multiple turns within a single short section instead of a long tube-like intestine. The valve provides a long surface area, requiring food to circulate inside the short gut until fully digested, when remaining waste products pass into the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloaca" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Cloaca">cloaca</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Digestion_24-1" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-Digestion-24" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup></div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark&action=edit&section=15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Senses">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Senses">Senses</span></h2><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark&action=edit&section=16" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Smell">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Smell">Smell</span></h3><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; border-width: initial; clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 242px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hammerhead_shark.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Eyelevel photo of hammerhead from the front" class="thumbimage" height="160" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Hammerhead_shark.jpg/240px-Hammerhead_shark.jpg" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="240" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hammerhead_shark.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>The shape of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammerhead_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Hammerhead shark">hammerhead shark</a>'s head may enhance olfaction by spacing the nostrils further apart.</div></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Sharks have keen <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Olfactory">olfactory</a> senses, located in the short duct (which is not fused, unlike bony fish) between the anterior and posterior nasal openings, with some species able to detect as little as one <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parts_per_million" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Parts per million">part per million</a> of blood in seawater.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-25" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> They are more attracted to the chemicals found in the guts of many species, and as a result often linger near or in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sewage">sewage</a> outfalls. Some species, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurse_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Nurse shark">nurse sharks</a>, have external <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbels" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Barbels">barbels</a> that greatly increase their ability to sense prey.</div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark&action=edit&section=17" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Sight">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Sight">Sight</span></h3><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Shark <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Eye">eyes</a> are similar to the eyes of other <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrates" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Vertebrates">vertebrates</a>, including similar <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(anatomy)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Lens (anatomy)">lenses</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornea" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Cornea">corneas</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Retina">retinas</a>, though their eyesight is well adapted to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ocean">marine</a> environment with the help of a tissue called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapetum_lucidum" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Tapetum lucidum">tapetum lucidum</a>. This means that sharks can contract and dilate their <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupil" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Pupil">pupils</a>, like humans, something no <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleost_fish" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Teleost fish">teleost fish</a> can do. This tissue is behind the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Retina">retina</a> and reflects light back to it, thereby increasing visibility in the dark waters. The effectiveness of the tissue varies, with some sharks having stronger <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturnal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Nocturnal">nocturnal</a> adaptations. Sharks have eyelids, but they do not blink because the surrounding water cleans their eyes. To protect their eyes some species have <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nictitating_membrane" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Nictitating membrane">nictitating membranes</a>. This membrane covers the eyes while hunting and when the shark is being attacked. However, some species, including the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_white_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Great white shark">great white shark</a> (<i>Carcharodon carcharias</i>), do not have this membrane, but instead roll their eyes backwards to protect them when striking prey. The importance of sight in shark hunting behavior is debated. Some believe that <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroreception" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Electroreception">electro-</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemoreception" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Chemoreception">chemoreception</a> are more significant, while others point to the nictating membrane as evidence that sight is important. Presumably, the shark would not protect its eyes were they unimportant. The use of sight probably varies with species and water conditions. The shark's field of vision can swap between <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocular" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Monocular">monocular</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoscopic" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Stereoscopic">stereoscopic</a> at any time.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-26" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup> A <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrophotometry" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Spectrophotometry">micro-spectrophotometry</a> study of 17 species of Shark found 10 had only <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_cell" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Rod cell">rod photoreceptors</a> and no cone cells in their <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Retina">retinas</a> giving them good night vision while making them <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorblind" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Colorblind">colorblind</a>. The remaining seven species had in addition to rods a single type of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cone_cell" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Cone cell">cone photoreceptor</a> sensitive to green and, seeing only in shades of grey and green, are believed to be effectively colorblind. The study indicates that an objects contrast against the background, rather than colour, may be more important for object detection.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-27" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup> <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-28" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-29" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup></div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark&action=edit&section=18" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Hearing">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Hearing">Hearing</span></h3><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Although it is hard to test sharks' hearing, they may have a sharp <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearing_(sense)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Hearing (sense)">sense of hearing</a> and can possibly hear prey many miles away.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-30" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup> A small opening on each side of their heads (not the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiracle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Spiracle">spiracle</a>) leads directly into the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_ear" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Inner ear">inner ear</a> through a thin channel. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_line" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Lateral line">lateral line</a> shows a similar arrangement, and is open to the environment via a series of openings called lateral line <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_pore" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Canal pore">pores</a>. This is a reminder of the common origin of these two vibration- and sound-detecting organs that are grouped together as the acoustico-lateralis system. In bony fish and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapod" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Tetrapod">tetrapods</a> the external opening into the inner ear has been lost.</div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark&action=edit&section=19" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Electroreception">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Electroreception">Electroreception</span></h3><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroreception" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Electroreception">Electroreception</a></div><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; border-width: initial; clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 302px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Electroreceptors_in_a_sharks_head.svg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Drawing of shark head." class="thumbimage" height="184" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Electroreceptors_in_a_sharks_head.svg/300px-Electroreceptors_in_a_sharks_head.svg.png" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="300" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Electroreceptors_in_a_sharks_head.svg" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>Electromagnetic field receptors (Ampullae of Lorenzini) and motion detecting canals in the head of a shark</div></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampullae_of_Lorenzini" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ampullae of Lorenzini">Ampullae of Lorenzini</a> are the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroreceptor" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Electroreceptor">electroreceptor</a> organs. They number in the hundreds to thousands. Sharks use the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampullae_of_Lorenzini" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ampullae of Lorenzini">Ampullae of Lorenzini</a> to detect the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_field" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Electromagnetic field">electromagnetic fields</a> that all living things produce.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-31" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup>This helps sharks (particularly the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammerhead_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Hammerhead shark">hammerhead shark</a>) find prey. The shark has the greatest electrical sensitivity of any animal. Sharks find prey hidden in sand by detecting the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_field" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Electric field">electric fields</a> they produce.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_current" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ocean current">Ocean currents</a> moving in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_field" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Earth">Earth</a> also generate electric fields that sharks can use for orientation and possibly navigation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-32" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup></div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark&action=edit&section=20" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Lateral line">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Lateral_line">Lateral line</span></h3><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_line" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Lateral line">Lateral line</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">This system is found in most fish, including sharks. It detects motion or vibrations in water. The shark can sense frequencies in the range of 25 to 50 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Hertz">Hz</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-33" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup></div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark&action=edit&section=21" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Life history">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Life_history">Life history</span></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; border-width: initial; clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wobbegong_claspers.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Photo showing claspers of bottom-resting shark." class="thumbimage" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Wobbegong_claspers.jpg/220px-Wobbegong_claspers.jpg" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wobbegong_claspers.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>The claspers of male <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotted_wobbegong" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Spotted wobbegong">spotted wobbegong</a></div></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Shark lifespans vary by species. Most live 20 to 30 years. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiny_dogfish" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Spiny dogfish">spiny dogfish</a> has the longest lifespan at more than 100 years.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-34" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale_sharks" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Whale sharks">Whale sharks</a> (<i>Rhincodon typus</i>) may also live over 100 years.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-35" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup></div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark&action=edit&section=22" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Reproduction">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Reproduction">Reproduction</span></h3><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Unlike most <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bony_fish" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Bony fish">bony fishes</a>, sharks are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R/K_selection_theory" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="R/K selection theory">K-selected</a> reproducers, meaning that they produce a small number of well-developed young as opposed to a large number of poorly developed young. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fecundity" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Fecundity">Fecundity</a> in sharks ranges from 2 to over 100 young per reproductive cycle.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FAO_36-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-FAO-36" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup> Sharks mature slowly relative to many other fish. For example, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemon_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Lemon shark">lemon sharks</a> reach sexual maturity at around age 13–15.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-37" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup></div><h4 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark&action=edit&section=23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Sexual">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Sexual">Sexual</span></h4><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Sharks practice <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_fertilization" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Internal fertilization">internal fertilization</a>. The posterior part of a male shark's pelvic fins are modified into a pair of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intromittent_organ" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Intromittent organ">intromittent organs</a> called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clasper" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Clasper">claspers</a>, analogous to a mammalian <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Penis">penis</a>, of which one is used to deliver <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sperm">sperm</a> into the female.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mating_38-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-Mating-38" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mating" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Mating">Mating</a> has rarely been observed in sharks. The smaller <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catshark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Catshark">catsharks</a> often mate with the male curling around the female. In less flexible species the two sharks swim parallel to each other while the male inserts a clasper into the female's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oviduct" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Oviduct">oviduct</a>. Females in many of the larger species have bite marks that appear to be a result of a male grasping them to maintain position during <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mating" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Mating">mating</a>. The bite marks may also come from courtship behavior: the male may bite the female to show his interest. In some species, females have evolved thicker skin to withstand these bites.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mating_38-1" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-Mating-38" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup></div><h4 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark&action=edit&section=24" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Asexual">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Asexual">Asexual</span></h4><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">There are two documented cases in which a female shark who has not been in contact with a male has conceived a pup on her own through<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenogenesis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Parthenogenesis">parthenogenesis</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-39" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-40" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup> The details of this process are not well understood, but <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_fingerprinting" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Genetic fingerprinting">genetic fingerprinting</a> showed that the pups had no paternal genetic contribution, ruling out <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sperm">sperm</a> storage. The extent of this behavior in the wild is unknown, as is whether other species have this capability. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Mammal">Mammals</a> are now the only major<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Vertebrate">vertebrate</a> group in which <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asexual_reproduction" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Asexual reproduction">asexual reproduction</a> has not been observed.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Scientists assert that asexual reproduction in the wild is rare, and probably a last ditch effort to reproduce when a mate is not present. Asexual reproduction diminishes <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_diversity" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Genetic diversity">genetic diversity</a>, which helps build defenses against threats to the species. Species that rely solely on it risk extinction. Asexual reproduction may have contributed to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Blue shark">blue shark</a>'s decline off the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ireland">Irish</a> coast.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup></div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark&action=edit&section=25" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Brooding">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Brooding">Brooding</span></h3><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Sharks display three ways to bear their young, varying by species, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oviparous" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Oviparous">oviparity</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viviparous" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Viviparous">viviparity</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovoviviparity" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ovoviviparity">ovoviviparity</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Birth_42-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-Birth-42" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; border-width: initial; clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PortJacksonShark%27sEgg20050417c.JPG" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Photo of 12 centimetres (4.7 in) egg case adjacent to ruler, the egg case is a brown ovalish shape, with a spiral band running around it from top to bottom." class="thumbimage" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/PortJacksonShark%27sEgg20050417c.JPG/220px-PortJacksonShark%27sEgg20050417c.JPG" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PortJacksonShark%27sEgg20050417c.JPG" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>The spiral egg case of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Jackson_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Port Jackson shark">Port Jackson shark</a></div></div></div><h4 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark&action=edit&section=26" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Ovoviviparity">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Ovoviviparity">Ovoviviparity</span></h4><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Most sharks are <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovoviviparous" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ovoviviparous">ovoviviparous</a>, meaning that the eggs hatch in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oviduct" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Oviduct">oviduct</a> within the mother's body and that the egg's<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolk" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Yolk">yolk</a> and fluids secreted by glands in the walls of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oviduct" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Oviduct">oviduct</a> nourishes the embryos. The young continue to be nourished by the remnants of the yolk and the oviduct's fluids. As in viviparity, the young are born alive and fully functional.<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamniforme" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Lamniforme">Lamniforme</a> sharks practice <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oophagy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Oophagy">oophagy</a></i>, where the first embryos to hatch eat the remaining eggs. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_nurse_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Grey nurse shark">Grey nurse shark</a> pups<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrauterine_cannibalism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Intrauterine cannibalism">intrauterine cannibalistically</a> take this a step further and consume other developing embryos. The survival strategy for ovoviviparous species is to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offspring" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Offspring">brood</a> the young to a comparatively large size before birth. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Whale shark">whale shark</a> is now classified as ovoviviparous rather than oviparous, because extrauterine eggs are now thought to have been aborted. Most ovoviviparous sharks give birth in sheltered areas, including bays, river mouths and shallow reefs. They choose such areas for protection from predators (mainly other sharks) and the abundance of food. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squalidae" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Squalidae">Dogfish</a> have the longest known<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestation_period" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gestation period">gestation period</a> of any shark, at 18 to 24 months. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basking_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Basking shark">Basking sharks</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frilled_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Frilled shark">frilled sharks</a> appear to have even longer gestation periods, but accurate data are lacking.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Birth_42-1" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-Birth-42" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup></div><h4 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark&action=edit&section=27" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Oviparity">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Oviparity">Oviparity</span></h4><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Some species are <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oviparous" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Oviparous">oviparous</a> like most other fish, laying their eggs in the water. In most oviparous shark species, an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_case" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Egg case">egg case</a> with the consistency of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leather" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Leather">leather</a>protects the developing embryo(s). These cases may be corkscrewed into crevices for protection. Once empty, the egg case is known as the <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mermaid%27s_purse" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Mermaid's purse">mermaid's purse</a></i>, and can wash up on shore. Oviparous sharks include the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Horn shark">horn shark</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catshark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Catshark">catshark</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Jackson_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Port Jackson shark">Port Jackson shark</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swellshark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Swellshark">swellshark</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Birth_42-2" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-Birth-42" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-43" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup></div><h4 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark&action=edit&section=28" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Viviparity">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Viviparity">Viviparity</span></h4><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Finally some sharks maintain a <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placenta" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Placenta">placental</a></i> link to the developing young, this method is called viviparity. This is more analogous to <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalian" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Mammalian">mammalian</a> gestation than that of other fishes. The young are born alive and fully functional. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammerhead_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Hammerhead shark">Hammerheads</a>, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requiem_sharks" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Requiem sharks">requiem sharks</a> (such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Bull shark">bull</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Blue shark">blue sharks</a>), and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoothhound" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Smoothhound">smoothhounds</a> are viviparous.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FAO_36-1" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-FAO-36" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Birth_42-3" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-Birth-42" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup></div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark&action=edit&section=29" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Behavior">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Behavior">Behavior</span></h2><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">The classic view describes a solitary hunter, ranging the oceans in search of food. However, this applies to only a few species. Most live far more sedentary,<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benthic" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Benthic">benthic</a> lives. Even solitary sharks meet for breeding or at rich hunting grounds, which may lead them to cover thousands of miles in a year.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-44" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></a></sup> Shark migration patterns may be even more complex than in birds, with many sharks covering entire <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_basin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ocean basin">ocean basins</a>.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Sharks can be highly social, remaining in large schools. Sometimes more than 100 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalloped_hammerhead" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Scalloped hammerhead">scalloped hammerheads</a> congregate around <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamount" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Seamount">seamounts</a> and islands, e.g., in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_California" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gulf of California">Gulf of California</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Collins_15-2" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-Collins-15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> Cross-species social hierarchies exist. For example, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_whitetip_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Oceanic whitetip shark">oceanic whitetip sharks</a> dominate <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silky_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Silky shark">silky sharks</a> of comparable size during feeding.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FAO_36-2" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-FAO-36" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">When approached too closely some sharks perform a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark_threat_display" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Shark threat display">threat display</a>. This usually consists of exaggerated swimming movements, and can vary in intensity according to the threat level.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-45" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-45" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></a></sup></div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark&action=edit&section=30" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Speed">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Speed">Speed</span></h3><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">In general, sharks swim ("cruise") at an average speed of 8 kilometres per hour (5.0 mph) but when feeding or attacking, the average shark can reach speeds upwards of 19 kilometres per hour (12 mph). The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortfin_mako_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Shortfin mako shark">shortfin mako shark</a>, the fastest shark and one of the fastest fish, can burst at speeds up to 50 kilometres per hour (31 mph).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-46" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-46" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_white_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Great white shark">great white shark</a> is also capable of speed bursts. These exceptions may be due to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warm-blooded" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Warm-blooded">warm-blooded</a>, or <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeothermic" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Homeothermic">homeothermic</a>, nature of these sharks' physiology.</div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark&action=edit&section=31" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Intelligence">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Intelligence">Intelligence</span></h3><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Contrary to the common wisdom that sharks are instinct-driven "eating machines", recent studies have indicated that many species possess powerful <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_solving" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Problem solving">problem-solving</a> skills, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_skills" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Social skills">social skills</a> and curiosity. The brain- to body-mass ratios of sharks are similar to mammals and birds.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-47" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-47" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></a></sup> In 1987, near Smitswinkle Bay, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, a group of up to seven <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_white_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Great white shark">great white sharks</a> worked together to move a partially beached dead whale to deeper waters to feed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-48" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-48" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></a></sup> Sharks can engage in playful activities. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porbeagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Porbeagle">Porbeagle</a> sharks have been seen repeatedly rolling in kelp and chasing an individual who trailed a piece of kelp behind it.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-49" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-49" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup></div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark&action=edit&section=32" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Sleep">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Sleep">Sleep</span></h3><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Some sharks can lie on the bottom while actively pumping water over their gills, but their eyes remain open and actively follow divers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sleep_50-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-Sleep-50" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></a></sup> When a shark is resting, it does not use its <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nares" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Nares">nares</a>, but rather its <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiracle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Spiracle">spiracles</a>. If a shark tried to use its nares while resting on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seabed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Seabed">ocean floor</a>, it would "inhale" sand rather than water. Many scientists believe this is one of the reasons sharks have spiracles. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiny_dogfish" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Spiny dogfish">spiny dogfish</a>'s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a>, rather than its brain, coordinates swimming, so <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiny_dogfish" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Spiny dogfish">spiny dogfish</a>can continue to swim while sleeping.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sleep_50-1" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-Sleep-50" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></a></sup> It is also possible that sharks sleep in a manner similar to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Dolphin">dolphins</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sleep_50-2" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-Sleep-50" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></a></sup> one <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_hemisphere" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Cerebral hemisphere">cerebral hemisphere</a> at a time, thus maintaining some consciousness and cerebral activity at all times.</div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark&action=edit&section=33" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Ecology">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Ecology">Ecology</span></h2><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark&action=edit&section=34" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Feeding">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Feeding">Feeding</span></h3><div class="dablink" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em;">This section is about shark feeding. For the sport of shark feeding, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark_baiting" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Shark baiting">Shark baiting</a>.</div><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; border-width: initial; clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Surfacing_great_white_shark.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Photo of great white on surface with open jaws reveling meal." class="thumbimage" height="218" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/Surfacing_great_white_shark.jpg/220px-Surfacing_great_white_shark.jpg" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Surfacing_great_white_shark.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>Like many sharks, the great white shark is an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apex_predator" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Apex predator">apex predator</a> in its environment.</div></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Most sharks are <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnivorous" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Carnivorous">carnivorous</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Feeding_51-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-Feeding-51" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></a></sup> Some species, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Tiger shark">tiger sharks</a>, eat almost anything. The vast majority seek particular prey, and rarely vary their diet.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2010">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Whale shark">Whale</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basking_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Basking shark">basking</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megamouth_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Megamouth shark">megamouth</a> sharks filter feed. These three independently evolved <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plankton" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Plankton">plankton</a> feeding using different strategies. Whale sharks use suction to take in plankton and small fishes. Basking sharks are <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_feeding" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ram feeding">ram-feeders</a>, swimming through plankton blooms with their mouth wide open. Megamouth sharks make <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suction_feeding" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Suction feeding">suction feeding</a> more efficient, using <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminescent" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Luminescent">luminescent</a> tissue inside the mouth to attract prey in the deep ocean. This type of feeding requires <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gill_raker" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gill raker">gill rakers</a>, long slender filaments that form a very efficient <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieve" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sieve">sieve</a>, analogous to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baleen" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Baleen">baleen</a> plates of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_whale" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Great whale">great whales</a>. The shark traps the plankton in these filaments and swallows from time to time in huge mouthfuls. Teeth in these species are comparatively small because they are not needed for feeding.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Feeding_51-1" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-Feeding-51" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Other highly specialized feeders include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookiecutter_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Cookiecutter shark">cookiecutter sharks</a>, which feed on flesh sliced out of other larger fish and<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_mammal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Marine mammal">marine mammals</a>. Cookiecutter teeth are enormous compared to the animal's size. The lower teeth are particularly sharp. Although they have never been observed feeding, they are believed to latch onto their prey and use their thick lips to make a seal, twisting their bodies to rip off flesh.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Collins_15-3" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-Collins-15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Some seabed–dwelling species are highly effective ambush predators. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Angel shark">Angel sharks</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wobbegong" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Wobbegong">wobbegongs</a> use camouflage to lie in wait and suck prey into their mouths.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-52" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-52" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></a></sup> Many <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benthic" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Benthic">benthic</a> sharks feed solely on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustacean" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a> which they crush with their flat <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_(tooth)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Molar (tooth)">molariform</a> teeth.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Other sharks feed on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Squid">squid</a> or fish, which they swallow whole. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viper_dogfish" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Viper dogfish">viper dogfish</a> has teeth it can point outwards to strike and capture prey that it then swallows intact. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_white_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Great white shark">great white</a> and other large predators either swallow small prey whole or take huge bites out of large animals. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thresher_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Thresher shark">Thresher sharks</a> use their long tails to stun shoaling fishes, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawshark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sawshark">sawsharks</a> either stir prey from the seabed or slash at swimming prey with their tooth-studded <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostra" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Rostra">rostra</a>.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Many sharks, including the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitetip_reef_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Whitetip reef shark">whitetip reef shark</a> are cooperative feeders and hunt in packs to herd and capture elusive prey. These social sharks are often migratory, traveling huge distances around <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_basin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ocean basin">ocean basins</a> in large schools. These migrations may be partly necessary to find new food sources.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-53" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-53" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></a></sup></div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark&action=edit&section=35" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Range and habitat">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Range_and_habitat">Range and habitat</span></h3><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Sharks are found in all seas. They generally do not live in freshwater, with a few exceptions such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Bull shark">bull shark</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="River shark">river shark</a> which can swim both in seawater and freshwater. Sharks are common down to depths of 2,000 metres (7,000 ft), and some live even deeper, but they are almost entirely absent below 3,000 metres (10,000 ft). The deepest confirmed report of a shark is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_dogfish" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Portuguese dogfish">Portuguese dogfish</a> at 3,700 metres (12,100 ft).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-54" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-54" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup></div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark&action=edit&section=36" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Relation to humans">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Relation_to_humans">Relation to humans</span></h2><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark&action=edit&section=37" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Attacks">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Attacks">Attacks</span></h3><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; border-width: initial; clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shark_warning_-_Salt_Rock_South_Africa.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Photo of sign." class="thumbimage" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Shark_warning_-_Salt_Rock_South_Africa.jpg/220px-Shark_warning_-_Salt_Rock_South_Africa.jpg" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shark_warning_-_Salt_Rock_South_Africa.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>A sign warning about the presence of sharks in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Rock" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Salt Rock">Salt Rock</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></div></div></div><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; border-width: initial; clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 252px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Snorkeler_with_blacktip_reef_shark.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Photo of snorkeler with shark in shallow water." class="thumbimage" height="129" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Snorkeler_with_blacktip_reef_shark.jpg/250px-Snorkeler_with_blacktip_reef_shark.jpg" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="250" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Snorkeler_with_blacktip_reef_shark.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>Snorkeler swims near <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacktip_reef_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Blacktip reef shark">blacktip reef shark</a>. In rare circumstances involving poor visibility, blacktips may bite a human, mistaking it for prey. Under normal conditions they are harmless and shy.</div></div></div><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark_attack" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Shark attack">Shark attack</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">In 2006 the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Shark_Attack_File" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Shark Attack File">International Shark Attack File</a> (ISAF) undertook an investigation into 96 alleged shark attacks, confirming 62 of them as unprovoked attacks and 16 as provoked attacks. The average number of fatalities worldwide per year between 2001 and 2006 from unprovoked shark attacks is 4.3.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-55" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-55" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Contrary to popular belief, only a few sharks are dangerous to humans. Out of more than 360 species, only four have been involved in a significant number of fatal, unprovoked attacks on humans: the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_white_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Great white shark">great white</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_whitetip_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Oceanic whitetip shark">oceanic whitetip</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Tiger shark">tiger</a>, and<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Bull shark">bull sharks</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-isaf_56-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-isaf-56" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></a></sup> <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-reefquest_57-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-reefquest-57" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>58<span>]</span></a></sup> These sharks, are large, powerful predators, and may sometimes attack and kill people. Despite being responsible for attacks on humans they have all been filmed without using a protective cage.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-58" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-58" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>59<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">The perception of sharks as dangerous animals has been popularized by publicity given to a few isolated unprovoked attacks, such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_Shore_shark_attacks_of_1916" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916">Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916</a>, and through popular fictional works about shark attacks, such as the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaws_(film)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Jaws (film)">Jaws</a></i> film series. <i>Jaws</i> author <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Benchley" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Peter Benchley">Peter Benchley</a> in his later years attempted to dispel the image of sharks as man-eating monsters.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-59" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-59" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>60<span>]</span></a></sup></div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark&action=edit&section=38" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: In captivity">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="In_captivity">In captivity</span></h3><div class="thumb tleft" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; border-width: initial; clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 1.4em; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Male_whale_shark_at_Georgia_Aquarium.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Photo showing visitors in shadow watching whale shark in front of many other fish." class="thumbimage" height="147" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Male_whale_shark_at_Georgia_Aquarium.jpg/220px-Male_whale_shark_at_Georgia_Aquarium.jpg" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Male_whale_shark_at_Georgia_Aquarium.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>A <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Whale shark">whale shark</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Aquarium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Georgia Aquarium">Georgia Aquarium</a></div></div></div><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharks_in_captivity" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sharks in captivity">Sharks in captivity</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Until recently only a few <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benthic" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Benthic">benthic</a> species of shark, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Horn shark">hornsharks</a>,<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triakis_semifasciata" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Triakis semifasciata">leopard sharks</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catshark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Catshark">catsharks</a> had survived in aquarium conditions for a year or more. This gave rise to the belief that sharks, as well as being difficult to capture and transport, were difficult to care for. More knowledge has led to more species (including the large <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagic" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Pelagic">pelagic</a> sharks) living far longer in captivity. At the same time, safer transportation techniques have enabled long distance movement.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-60" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-60" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></a></sup> One shark that never had been successfully held in captivity for long was the great white. But in September 2004 the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey_Bay_Aquarium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Monterey Bay Aquarium">Monterey Bay Aquarium</a> successfully kept a young female for 198 days before releasing her.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Most species are not suitable for home aquaria and not every species sold by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pet_store" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Pet store">pet stores</a> are appropriate. Some species can flourish in home saltwater aquaria.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-sharksathomeafm_61-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-sharksathomeafm-61" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></a></sup>Uninformed or unscrupulous dealers sometimes sell juvenile sharks like the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurse_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Nurse shark">nurse shark</a>, which upon reaching adulthood is far too large for typical home aquaria.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-sharksathomeafm_61-1" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-sharksathomeafm-61" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></a></sup>Public aquaria generally do not accept donated specimens that have outgrown their housing. Some owners have been tempted to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduced_species" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Introduced species">release</a> them.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-sharksathomeafm_61-2" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-sharksathomeafm-61" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></a></sup> Species appropriate to home aquaria represent considerable spatial and financial investments as they generally approach adult lengths of 3 feet and can live up to 25 years.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-sharksathomeafm_61-3" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-sharksathomeafm-61" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></a></sup></div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark&action=edit&section=39" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: In Hawaii">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="In_Hawaii">In Hawaii</span></h3><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Sharks figure prominently in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_mythology" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Hawaiian mythology">Hawaiian mythology</a>. Stories tell of men with shark jaws on their back who could change between shark and human form. A common theme was that a shark-man would warn beach-goers of sharks in the waters. The beach-goers would laugh and ignore the warnings and get eaten by the shark-man who warned them. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Hawaii">Hawaiian</a> mythology also includes many shark <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="God">gods</a>. Among a fishing people, the most popular of all <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aumakua" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Aumakua">aumakua</a>, or deified ancestor guardians, are shark aumakua. <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kamaku&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #cc2200; text-decoration: none;" title="Kamaku (page does not exist)">Kamaku</a> describes in detail how to offer a corpse to become a shark. The body transforms gradually until the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahuna" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Kahuna">kahuna</a> can point the awe-struck family to the markings on the shark's body that correspond to the clothing in which the beloved's body had been wrapped. Such a shark aumakua becomes the family pet, receiving food, and driving fish into the family net and warding off danger. Like all aumakua it had evil uses such as helping kill enemies. The ruling chiefs typically forbade such sorcery. Many Native Hawaiian families claim such an aumakua, who is known by name to the whole community.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-62" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-62" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>63<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamohoalii" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Kamohoalii">Kamohoali'i</a> is the best known and revered of the shark gods, he was the older and favored brother of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pele_(deity)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Pele (deity)">Pele</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-63" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-63" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>64<span>]</span></a></sup> and helped and journeyed with her to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>. He was able to assume all human and fish forms. A summit cliff on the crater of <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=K%3Flauea&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #cc2200; text-decoration: none;" title="K?lauea (page does not exist)">K?lauea</a> is one of his most sacred spots. At one point he had a <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiau" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Heiau">heiau</a></i> (temple or shrine) dedicated to him on every piece of land that jutted into the ocean on the island of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moloka%27i" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Moloka'i">Moloka'i</a>. Kamohoali'i was an ancestral god, not a human who became a shark and banned the eating of humans after eating one herself.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-oahustories_64-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-oahustories-64" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>65<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-soh_65-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-soh-65" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>66<span>]</span></a></sup> In Fijian mytholog, <b><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakuwanga" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Dakuwanga">Dakuwanga</a></b> was a shark god who was the eater of lost souls.</div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark&action=edit&section=40" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Popular misconceptions">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Popular_misconceptions">Popular misconceptions</span></h3><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">A popular myth is that sharks are immune to disease and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Cancer">cancer</a>; however, this remains unproven. Sharks may get cancer.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-66" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-66" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>67<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-67" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-67" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>68<span>]</span></a></sup> Both diseases and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasites" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Parasites">parasites</a>affect sharks. The evidence that sharks are at least resistant to cancer and disease is mostly <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anecdotal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Anecdotal">anecdotal</a> and there have been few, if any, scientific or <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Statistical">statistical</a>studies that show sharks to have heightened immunity to disease.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-68" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-68" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>69<span>]</span></a></sup> Other apparently false claims are that fins prevent <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Cancer">cancer</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-69" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-69" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>70<span>]</span></a></sup> and treat <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoarthritis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Osteoarthritis">osteoarthritis</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-70" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-70" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>71<span>]</span></a></sup> No scientific proof supports these claims; at least one study has shown shark cartilage of no value in cancer treatment.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-71" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-71" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>72<span>]</span></a></sup></div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark&action=edit&section=41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Conservation">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Conservation">Conservation</span></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; border-width: initial; clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sharksfin.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Photo of shark fin soup in bowl with Chinese spoon" class="thumbimage" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Sharksfin.jpg/220px-Sharksfin.jpg" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sharksfin.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>The value of shark fins for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark_fin_soup" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Shark fin soup">shark fin soup</a>has led to an increase in shark catches. Usually only the fins are taken, while the rest of the shark is discarded, usually into the sea.</div></div></div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark&action=edit&section=42" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Fishery">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Fishery">Fishery</span></h3><div class="thumb tleft" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; border-width: initial; clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 1.4em; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 352px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Global_shark_catch_graph.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Graph of shark catch from 1950 to 2007, linear growth from less than 300,000 tons per year in 1950 to about 850,000 in 2000" class="thumbimage" height="228" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Global_shark_catch_graph.png/350px-Global_shark_catch_graph.png" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="350" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Global_shark_catch_graph.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>The annual shark catch has increased rapidly over the last 50 years.</div></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">It is estimated that 100 million sharks are killed by people every year, due to commercial and recreational fishing.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-72" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-72" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>73<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-sharkfinsoupcnn_73-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-sharkfinsoupcnn-73" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>74<span>]</span></a></sup> Sharks are a common seafood in many places, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Japan">Japan</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Australia">Australia</a>. In the Australian state of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a>, shark is the most commonly used fish in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_and_chips" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Fish and chips">fish and chips</a>, in which fillets are battered and<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_frying" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Deep frying">deep-fried</a> or crumbed and grilled. In fish and chip shops, shark is called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flake_(fish)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Flake (fish)">flake</a>. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="India">India</a>, small sharks or baby sharks (called sora in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Tamil language">Tamil language</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Telugu language">Telugu language</a>) are sold in local markets. Since the flesh is not developed, cooking the flesh breaks it into powder, which is then fried in oil and spices (called sora puttu/sora poratu). The soft bones can be easily chewed. They are considered a delicacy in coastal <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Iceland">Icelanders</a> ferment <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Greenland shark">Greenland sharks</a> to produce <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1karl" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Hákarl">hákarl</a>, which is widely regarded as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_dish" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="National dish">national dish</a>.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2010">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup></div><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; border-width: initial; clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tiger_shark,_Hawaii_Aii.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Photo of suspended tiger shark next to four men." class="thumbimage" height="333" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Tiger_shark%2C_Hawaii_Aii.jpg/220px-Tiger_shark%2C_Hawaii_Aii.jpg" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tiger_shark,_Hawaii_Aii.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>A 14-foot (4.3 m), 1,200-pound (540 kg)<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Tiger shark">tiger shark</a> caught in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81ne%E2%80%98ohe_Bay" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Kāne‘ohe Bay">Kāne‘ohe Bay</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oahu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Oahu">Oahu</a> in 1966</div></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Sharks are often killed for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark_fin_soup" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Shark fin soup">shark fin soup</a>. Fishermen capture live sharks, fin them, and dump the finless animal back into the water. Finning involves removing the fin with a hot metal blade.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-sharkfinsoupcnn_73-1" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-sharkfinsoupcnn-73" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>74<span>]</span></a></sup> The resulting immobile shark soon dies from suffocation or predators.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-74" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-74" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>75<span>]</span></a></sup> Shark fin has become a major trade within black markets all over the world. Fins sell for about $300/lb in 2009.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-sharkconservation1_75-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-sharkconservation1-75" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>76<span>]</span></a></sup> Poachers illegally fin millions each year. Few governments enforce laws that protect them.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from September 2009">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup> In 2010 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> became the first U.S. state to prohibit the possession, sale, trade or distribution of shark fins.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-76" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-76" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>77<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Shark fin soup is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_symbol" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Status symbol">status symbol</a> in Asian countries, and is considered healthy and full of nutrients. Sharks are also killed for meat. European diners consume <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squalidae" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Squalidae">dogfishes</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoothhound" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Smoothhound">smoothhounds</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catshark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Catshark">catsharks</a>, makos, porbeagle and also skates and rays.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-77" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-77" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>78<span>]</span></a></sup> However, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="United States">U.S.</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Food and Drug Administration">FDA</a> lists sharks as one of four fish (with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swordfish" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Swordfish">swordfish</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_mackerel" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="King mackerel">king mackerel</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilefish" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Tilefish">tilefish</a>) whose high<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_in_fish" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Mercury in fish">mercury content</a> is hazardous to children and pregnant women.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Sharks generally reach <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_maturity" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sexual maturity">sexual maturity</a> only after many years and produce few offspring in comparison to other harvested fish. Harvesting sharks before they reproduce severely impacts future populations.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">The majority of shark fisheries have little monitoring or management. The rise in demand for shark products increases pressure on fisheries.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ParttGruberTaniuchi_17-1" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-ParttGruberTaniuchi-17" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> Major declines in shark stocks have been recorded—some species have been depleted by over 90% over the past 20–30 years with population declines of 70% not unusual.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-78" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-78" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>79<span>]</span></a></sup> Many governments and the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="UN">UN</a> have acknowledged the need for shark <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisheries_management" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Fisheries management">fisheries management</a>, but little progress has been made due to their low economic value, the small volumes of products produced and sharks' poor public image.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2010">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup></div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark&action=edit&section=43" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Other threats">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_threats">Other threats</span></h3><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Other threats include habitat alteration, damage and loss from coastal development, pollution and the impact of fisheries on the seabed and prey species.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-79" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-79" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>80<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark_finning" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Shark finning">Shark finning</a> attracts much controversy and regulations are being enacted to prevent it from occurring.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2010">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup> The 2007 documentary, <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharkwater_(film)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sharkwater (film)">Sharkwater</a></i> exposed how sharks are being hunted to extinction.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-80" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-80" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>81<span>]</span></a></sup></div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark&action=edit&section=44" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Protection">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Protection">Protection</span></h3><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">In 2009, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark_Conservation_Act" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Shark Conservation Act">Shark Conservation Act of 2009</a>, passed the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="U.S. House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-81" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-81" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>82<span>]</span></a></sup> A similar bill is pending in the 2010 <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Senate" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="U.S. Senate">U.S. Senate</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-sharkconservation1_75-1" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-sharkconservation1-75" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>76<span>]</span></a></sup> The bill would strengthen existing shark finning laws.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">In 2010, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_International_Trade_in_Endangered_Species" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species">Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species</a> rejected proposals from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palau" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Palau">Palau</a> that would have required countries to strictly regulate trade in several species of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalloped_hammerhead_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Scalloped hammerhead shark">scalloped hammerhead</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_whitetip_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Oceanic whitetip shark">oceanic whitetip</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiny_dogfish_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Spiny dogfish shark">spiny dogfish sharks</a>. The majority, but not the required two-thirds of voting delegates, approved the proposal. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="China">China</a>, by far the world’s largest shark market, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Japan">Japan</a>, which battles all attempts to extend the convention to marine species, led the opposition.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-cites_82-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-cites-82" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>83<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-83" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-83" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>84<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">In 2010, Greenpeace International added the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="School shark">school shark</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortfin_mako_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Shortfin mako shark">shortfin mako shark</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackerel_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Mackerel shark">mackerel shark</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Tiger shark">tiger shark</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiny_dogfish" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Spiny dogfish">spiny dogfish</a> to its seafood red list, a list of common <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarket" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Supermarket">supermarket</a> fish that are often sourced from unsustainable fisheries.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-84" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-84" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>85<span>]</span></a></sup> Advocacy group <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark_Trust" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Shark Trust">Shark Trust</a> campaigns to limit shark fishing. Advocacy group<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seafood_Watch" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Seafood Watch">Seafood Watch</a> directs American consumers to not eat sharks.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-85" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-85" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>86<span>]</span></a></sup></div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark&action=edit&section=45" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Evolution">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Evolution">Evolution</span></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; border-width: initial; clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sharksteeth-castlehain.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Photo of dozens of grey fossilized teeth, the teeth are of various sizes and are spread out randomly on a flat white surface." class="thumbimage" height="255" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Sharksteeth-castlehain.jpg/220px-Sharksteeth-castlehain.jpg" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sharksteeth-castlehain.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>A collection of fossilized <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark_teeth" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Shark teeth">shark teeth</a></div></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Evidence for the existence of sharks dates from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordovician" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ordovician">Ordovician</a> period, over 450–420 million years ago, before land<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrates" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Vertebrates">vertebrates</a> existed and before many <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plants" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Plants">plants</a> had colonized the continents.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RQGT_0-1" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-RQGT-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> Only scales have been recovered from the first sharks and not all paleontologists agree that these are from true sharks.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RQES_86-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-RQES-86" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>87<span>]</span></a></sup> The oldest generally accepted shark scales are from about 420 million years ago, in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silurian" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Silurian">Silurian</a> period.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RQES_86-1" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-RQES-86" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>87<span>]</span></a></sup> The first sharks looked very different from modern sharks.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RQA_87-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-RQA-87" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>88<span>]</span></a></sup> The majority of modern sharks can be traced back to around 100 million years ago.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RQMS_88-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-RQMS-88" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>89<span>]</span></a></sup> Most fossils are of<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teeth" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Teeth">teeth</a>, often in large numbers. Partial skeletons and even complete fossilized remains have been discovered. Estimates suggest that sharks grow tens of thousands of teeth over a lifetime, which explains the abundant fossils. The teeth consist of easily fossilized <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_phosphate" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Calcium phosphate">calcium phosphate</a>, an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apatite" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Apatite">apatite</a>. When a shark dies, the decomposing skeleton breaks up, scattering the apatite prisms. Preservation requires rapid burial in bottom sediments.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Among the most ancient and primitive sharks is <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladoselache" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Cladoselache">Cladoselache</a></i>, from about 370 million years ago,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RQA_87-1" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-RQA-87" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>88<span>]</span></a></sup> which has been found within <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleozoic" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a> strata in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>. At that point in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s history these rocks made up the soft bottom sediments of a large, shallow ocean, which stretched across much of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="North America">North America</a>. <i>Cladoselache</i> was only about 1 metre (3.3 ft) long with stiff triangular fins and slender jaws.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RQA_87-2" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-RQA-87" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>88<span>]</span></a></sup> Its teeth had several pointed cusps, which wore down from use. From the small number of teeth found together, it is most likely that <i>Cladoselache</i> did not replace its teeth as regularly as modern sharks. Its caudal fins had a similar shape to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_white_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Great white shark">great white sharks</a> and the pelagic<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortfin_mako_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Shortfin mako shark">shortfin</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longfin_mako_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Longfin mako shark">longfin makos</a>. The presence of whole fish arranged tail-first in their stomachs suggest that they were fast swimmers with great agility.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Most fossil sharks from about 300 to 150 million years ago can be assigned to one of two groups. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenacanthida" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Xenacanthida">Xenacanthida</a> was almost exclusive to freshwater environments.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-89" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-89" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>90<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-90" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-90" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>91<span>]</span></a></sup> By the time this group became extinct about 220 million years ago, they had spread worldwide. The other group, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybodontiformes" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Hybodontiformes">hybodonts</a>, appeared about 320 million years ago and lived mostly in the oceans, but also in freshwater.</div><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; border-width: initial; clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Megalodon_scale1.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Drawing comparing sizes of Megalodon, great white shark and a man, Megalodon is 18m long and great white 6m." class="thumbimage" height="118" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Megalodon_scale1.png/220px-Megalodon_scale1.png" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Megalodon_scale1.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalodon" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Megalodon">Megalodon</a></i> with the whale shark, great white shark, and a human for scale</div></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Modern sharks began to appear about 100 million years ago.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RQMS_88-1" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-RQMS-88" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>89<span>]</span></a></sup> Fossil <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackerel_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Mackerel shark">mackerel shark</a> teeth date to the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Cretaceous" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Lower Cretaceous">Lower Cretaceous</a>. One of the most recently evolved families is the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammerhead_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Hammerhead shark">hammerhead shark</a> (family <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphyrnidae" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sphyrnidae">Sphyrnidae</a>), which emerged in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocene" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Eocene">Eocene</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-91" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-91" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>92<span>]</span></a></sup> The oldest white shark teeth date from 60 to 65 million years ago, around the time of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous-Tertiary_extinction_event" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event">extinction of the dinosaurs</a>. In early white shark evolution there are at least two lineages: one lineage is of white sharks with coarsely<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark_teeth" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Shark teeth">serrated</a> teeth and it probably gave rise to the modern great white shark, and another lineage is of white sharks with finely serrated teeth. These sharks attained gigantic proportions and include the extinct megatoothed shark, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalodon" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Megalodon">C. megalodon</a></i>. Like most extinct sharks, <i>C. megalodon</i> is also primarily known from its fossil teeth and vertebrae. This giant shark reached a total length (TL) of more than 16 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Metre">metres</a> (52 <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_(length)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Foot (length)">ft</a>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-92" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-92" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>93<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AN_93-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-AN-93" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>94<span>]</span></a></sup> <i>C. megalodon</i> may have approached a maxima of 20.3 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Metre">metres</a> (67 <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_(length)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Foot (length)">ft</a>) in total length and 103 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Tonne">metric tons</a> (114 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_ton" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Short ton">short tons</a>) in mass.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bite_94-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-bite-94" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>95<span>]</span></a></sup> Paleontological evidence suggests that this shark was an active predator of large <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetaceans" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Cetaceans">cetaceans</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bite_94-1" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-bite-94" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>95<span>]</span></a></sup></div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark&action=edit&section=46" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Taxonomy">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</span></h2><div class="floatright" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; position: relative;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Extant_Shark_Orders.svg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Identification of the 8 extant shark orders"><img alt="Branching diagram listing distinguishing characteristics, including mouth, snout, fin spines, etc." height="315" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Extant_Shark_Orders.svg/350px-Extant_Shark_Orders.svg.png" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="350" /></a></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Sharks belong to the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superorder_(biology)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Superorder (biology)">superorder</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selachimorpha" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Selachimorpha">Selachimorpha</a> in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subclass_(biology)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Subclass (biology)">subclass</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasmobranchii" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Elasmobranchii">Elasmobranchii</a> in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_(biology)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Class (biology)">class</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrichthyes" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Chondrichthyes">Chondrichthyes</a>. The Elasmobranchii also include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batoidea" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Batoidea">rays</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skate" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Skate">skates</a>; the Chondrichthyes also include<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimaera" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Chimaera">Chimaeras</a>. It is currently thought that the sharks form a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphyly" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Polyphyly">polyphyletic</a> group: some sharks are more closely related to rays than they are to some other sharks.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Taxonomy_95-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-Taxonomy-95" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>96<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">The superorder Selachimorpha is divided into Galea (or Galeomorphii), and Squalea. The Galeans are the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterodontiformes" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Heterodontiformes">Heterodontiformes</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orectolobiformes" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Orectolobiformes">Orectolobiformes</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamniformes" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Lamniformes">Lamniformes</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcharhiniformes" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Carcharhiniformes">Carcharhiniformes</a>. Lamnoids and Carcharhinoids are usually placed in one <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clade" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Clade">clade</a>, but recent studies show the Lamnoids and Orectoloboids are a clade. Some scientists now think that Heterodontoids may be Squalean. The Squalea is divided into Hexanchoidei and Squalomorpha. The Hexanchoidei includes the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexanchiformes" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Hexanchiformes">Hexanchiformes</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydoselachiformes" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Chlamydoselachiformes">Chlamydoselachiformes</a>. The Squalomorpha contains the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squaliformes" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Squaliformes">Squaliformes</a> and the Hypnosqualea. The Hypnosqualea may be invalid. It includes the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatiniformes" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Squatiniformes">Squatiniformes</a>, and the Pristorajea, which may also be invalid, but includes the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pristiophoriformes" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Pristiophoriformes">Pristiophoriformes</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batoidea" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Batoidea">Batoidea</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Taxonomy_95-1" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-Taxonomy-95" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>96<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CompagnoFAO_96-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-CompagnoFAO-96" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>97<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">More than 440 species of sharks split across eight <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_(biology)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Order (biology)">orders</a>, listed below in roughly their evolutionary relationship from ancient to modern:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CompagnoFAO_96-1" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#cite_note-CompagnoFAO-96" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>97<span>]</span></a></sup></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/bullet-icon.png?1); list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexanchiformes" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Hexanchiformes">Hexanchiformes</a>: Examples from this group include the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cow_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Cow shark">cow sharks</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frilled_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Frilled shark">frilled shark</a> and even a shark that resembles a marine snake.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squaliformes" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Squaliformes">Squaliformes</a>: This group includes the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bramble_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Bramble shark">bramble sharks</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squalidae" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Squalidae">dogfish</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squalidae" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Squalidae">roughsharks</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prickly_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Prickly shark">prickly shark</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pristiophoriformes" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Pristiophoriformes">Pristiophoriformes</a>: These are the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawshark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sawshark">sawsharks</a>, with an elongated, toothed snout that they use for slashing their prey.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatiniformes" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Squatiniformes">Squatiniformes</a>: Also known as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Angel shark">angel sharks</a>, they are flattened sharks with a strong resemblance to <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stingrays" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Stingrays">stingrays</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skate" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Skate">skates</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterodontiformes" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Heterodontiformes">Heterodontiformes</a>: They are generally referred to as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullhead_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Bullhead shark">bullhead</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Horn shark">horn sharks</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orectolobiformes" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Orectolobiformes">Orectolobiformes</a>: They are commonly referred to as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpet_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Carpet shark">carpet sharks</a>, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Zebra shark">zebra sharks</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurse_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Nurse shark">nurse sharks</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wobbegong" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Wobbegong">wobbegongs</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Whale shark">whale shark</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcharhiniformes" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Carcharhiniformes">Carcharhiniformes</a>: Commonly known as <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundshark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Groundshark">groundsharks</a>, the species include the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Blue shark">blue</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Tiger shark">tiger</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Bull shark">bull</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_reef_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Grey reef shark">grey reef</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacktip_reef_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Blacktip reef shark">blacktip reef</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_reef_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Caribbean reef shark">Caribbean reef</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacktail_reef_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Blacktail reef shark">blacktail reef</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitetip_reef_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Whitetip reef shark">whitetip reef</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_whitetip_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Oceanic whitetip shark">oceanic whitetip sharks</a> (collectively called the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requiem_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Requiem shark">requiem sharks</a>) along with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houndshark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Houndshark">houndsharks</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catshark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Catshark">catsharks</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammerhead_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Hammerhead shark">hammerhead sharks</a>. They are distinguished by an elongated snout and a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nictitating_membrane" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Nictitating membrane">nictitating membrane</a> which protects the eyes during an attack.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamniformes" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Lamniformes">Lamniformes</a>: They are commonly known as the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackerel_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Mackerel shark">mackerel sharks</a>. They include the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goblin_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Goblin shark">goblin shark</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basking_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Basking shark">basking shark</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megamouth_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Megamouth shark">megamouth shark</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thresher_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Thresher shark">thresher sharks</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortfin_mako_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Shortfin mako shark">shortfin</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longfin_mako_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Longfin mako shark">longfin mako sharks</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_white_shark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Great white shark">great white shark</a>. They are distinguished by their large jaws and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovoviviparity" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ovoviviparity">ovoviviparous</a> reproduction. The Lamniformes include the extinct <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalodon" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Megalodon">megalodon</a>, <i>Carcharodon megalodon</i>.</li>
</ul><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark&action=edit&section=47" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span><div><br />
</div><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also"></span></h2>tentang_bencanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07521135024478553368noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7100868353950170594.post-43954225129173627442011-01-09T00:22:00.000-08:002011-01-09T00:22:56.522-08:00gunung berapi<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"></span><br />
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;"><b>Gunung berapi</b> atau <b>gunung api</b> secara umum adalah istilah yang dapat didefinisikan sebagai suatu sistem saluran <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluida" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Fluida">fluida</a> panas (batuan dalam wujud cair atau <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Lava">lava</a>) yang memanjang dari kedalaman sekitar 10 <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Km" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Km">km</a> di bawah <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permukaan_bumi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Permukaan bumi">permukaan bumi</a> sampai ke permukaan bumi, termasuk endapan hasil akumulasi material yang dikeluarkan pada saat meletus.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Lebih lanjut, istilah gunung api ini juga dipakai untuk menamai fenomena pembentukan<i>ice volcanoes</i> atau gunung api es dan <i>mud volcanoes</i> atau gunung api lumpur. Gunung api es biasa terjadi di daerah yang mempunyai musim dingin bersalju, sedangkan<a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gunung_api_lumpur&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #cc2200; text-decoration: none;" title="Gunung api lumpur (halaman belum tersedia)">gunung api lumpur</a> dapat kita lihat di daerah <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Kuwu">Kuwu</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grobogan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Grobogan">Grobogan</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawa_Tengah" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Jawa Tengah">Jawa Tengah</a> yang populer sebagai <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bledug_Kuwu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Bledug Kuwu">Bledug Kuwu</a>.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Gunung berapi terdapat di seluruh <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Bumi">dunia</a>, tetapi lokasi gunung berapi yang paling dikenali adalah gunung berapi yang berada di sepanjang busur <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincin_Api_Pasifik" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Cincin Api Pasifik">Cincin Api Pasifik</a>(<i>Pacific Ring of Fire</i>). Busur Cincin Api Pasifik merupakan garis bergeseknya antara dua <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tektonik_lempeng" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Tektonik lempeng">lempengan tektonik</a>.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Gunung berapi terdapat dalam beberapa bentuk sepanjang masa hidupnya. Gunung berapi yang <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aktif&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #cc2200; text-decoration: none;" title="Aktif (halaman belum tersedia)">aktif</a> mungkin berubah menjadi separuh aktif, istirahat, sebelum akhirnya menjadi tidak aktif atau mati. Bagaimanapun gunung berapi mampu istirahat dalam waktu 610 tahun sebelum berubah menjadi aktif kembali. Oleh itu, sulit untuk menentukan keadaan sebenarnya daripada suatu gunung berapi itu, apakah gunung berapi itu berada dalam keadaan istirahat atau telah mati.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Apabila gunung berapi meletus, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magma" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Magma">magma</a> yang terkandung di dalam kamar magmar di bawah gunung berapi meletus keluar sebagai <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Lahar">lahar</a> atau lava. Selain daripada aliran lava, kehancuran oleh gunung berapi disebabkan melalui berbagai cara seperti berikut:</div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/18/Monobook-bullet.png); list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Aliran lava.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Letusan gunung berapi.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Aliran lumpur.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_vulkanik" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Abu vulkanik">Abu</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Kebakaran hutan.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Gas beracun.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Gelombang <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Tsunami">tsunami</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gempa_bumi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gempa bumi">Gempa bumi</a>.<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 13px;"><tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"><td colspan="3"><br />
<center><b>Tingkat isyarat gunung berapi di Indonesia</b></center></td></tr>
<tr style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"><td><b>Status</b></td><td><b>Makna</b></td><td><b>Tindakan</b></td></tr>
<tr style="background-color: #ff0033;"><td align="center"><span style="color: white;">AWAS</span></td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;" valign="top"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/18/Monobook-bullet.png); list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Menandakan gunung berapi yang segera atau sedang meletus atau ada keadaan kritis yang menimbulkan bencana</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Letusan pembukaan dimulai dengan abu dan asap</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Letusan berpeluang terjadi dalam waktu 24 jam</li>
</ul></td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;" valign="top"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/18/Monobook-bullet.png); list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Wilayah yang terancam bahaya direkomendasikan untuk dikosongkan</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Koordinasi dilakukan secara harian</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Piket penuh</li>
</ul></td></tr>
<tr style="background-color: #ffcc66;"><td align="center">SIAGA</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;" valign="top"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/18/Monobook-bullet.png); list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Menandakan gunung berapi yang sedang bergerak ke arah letusan atau menimbulkan bencana</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Peningkatan intensif kegiatan seismik</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Semua data menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas dapat segera berlanjut ke letusan atau menuju pada keadaan yang dapat menimbulkan bencana</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Jika tren peningkatan berlanjut, letusan dapat terjadi dalam waktu 2 minggu</li>
</ul></td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;" valign="top"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/18/Monobook-bullet.png); list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Sosialisasi di wilayah terancam</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Penyiapan sarana darurat</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Koordinasi harian</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Piket penuh</li>
</ul></td></tr>
<tr style="background-color: #ffff99;"><td align="center">WASPADA</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;" valign="top"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/18/Monobook-bullet.png); list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Ada aktivitas apa pun bentuknya</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Terdapat kenaikan aktivitas di atas level normal</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Peningkatan aktivitas seismik dan kejadian vulkanis lainnya</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Sedikit perubahan aktivitas yang diakibatkan oleh aktivitas magma, tektonik dan hidrotermal</li>
</ul></td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;" valign="top"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/18/Monobook-bullet.png); list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Penyuluhan/sosialisasi</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Penilaian bahaya</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Pengecekan sarana</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Pelaksanaan piket terbatas</li>
</ul></td></tr>
<tr style="background-color: #99ff99;"><td align="center">NORMAL</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;" valign="top"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/18/Monobook-bullet.png); list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Tidak ada gejala aktivitas tekanan magma</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Level aktivitas dasar</li>
</ul></td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;" valign="top"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/18/Monobook-bullet.png); list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Pengamatan rutin</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Survei dan penyelidikan</li>
</ul></td></tr>
</tbody></table><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Jenis_gunung_berapi_berdasarkan_bentuknya">Jenis gunung berapi berdasarkan bentuknya</span></h2><dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dt style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratovolcano" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Stratovolcano">Stratovolcano</a></dt>
<dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 2em;">Tersusun dari batuan hasil letusan dengan tipe letusan berubah-ubah sehingga dapat menghasilkan susunan yang berlapis-lapis dari beberapa jenis batuan, sehingga membentuk suatu kerucut besar (raksasa), kadang-kadang bentuknya tidak beraturan, karena letusan terjadi sudah beberapa ratus kali. <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_Merapi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gunung Merapi">Gunung Merapi</a> merupakan jenis ini.</dd>
<dt style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perisai" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Perisai">Perisai</a></dt>
<dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 2em;">Tersusun dari batuan aliran <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Lava">lava</a> yang pada saat diendapkan masih cair, sehingga tidak sempat membentuk suatu kerucut yang tinggi (curam), bentuknya akan berlereng landai, dan susunannya terdiri dari batuan yang bersifat basaltik. Contoh bentuk gunung berapi ini terdapat di kepulauan <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawai" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Hawai">Hawai</a>.</dd>
<dt style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinder_Cone&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #cc2200; text-decoration: none;" title="Cinder Cone (halaman belum tersedia)">Cinder Cone</a></dt>
<dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 2em;">Merupakan gunung berapi yang abu dan pecahan kecil batuan vulkanik menyebar di sekeliling gunung. Sebagian besar gunung jenis ini membentuk mangkuk di puncaknya. Jarang yang tingginya di atas 500 meter dari tanah di sekitarnya.</dd>
<dt style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaldera" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Kaldera">Kaldera</a></dt>
<dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 2em;">Gunung berapi jenis ini terbentuk dari ledakan yang sangat kuat yang melempar ujung atas gunung sehingga membentuk cekungan.<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_Bromo" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gunung Bromo">Gunung Bromo</a> merupakan jenis ini.</dd></dl><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&action=edit&section=2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Klasifikasi gunung berapi di Indonesia">sunting</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Klasifikasi_gunung_berapi_di_Indonesia">Klasifikasi gunung berapi di Indonesia</span></h2><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Kalangan vulkanologi Indonesia mengelompokkan gunung berapi ke dalam tiga tipe berdasarkan catatan sejarah letusan/erupsinya.</div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/18/Monobook-bullet.png); list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Gunung api Tipe A : tercatat pernah mengalami erupsi magmatik sekurang-kurangnya satu kali sesudah tahun 1600.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Gunung api Tipe B : sesudah tahun 1600 belum tercatat lagi mengadakan erupsi magmatik namun masih memperlihatkan gejala kegiatan vulkanik seperti kegiatan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solfatara" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Solfatara">solfatara</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Gunung api Tipe C : sejarah erupsinya tidak diketahui dalam catatan manusia, namun masih terdapat tanda-tanda kegiatan masa lampau berupa lapangan solfatara/<a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fumarola&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #cc2200; text-decoration: none;" title="Fumarola (halaman belum tersedia)">fumarola</a> pada tingkah lemah.</li>
</ul></span></li><br />
<br />
<br />
</ul>tentang_bencanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07521135024478553368noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7100868353950170594.post-36534493825210557072011-01-09T00:11:00.000-08:002011-01-09T00:11:11.214-08:00kebakaran liar<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"></span><br />
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;"><b>Kebakaran liar</b>, atau juga <b>kebakaran hutan</b>, <b>kebakaran vegetasi</b>, <b>kebakaran rumput</b>, atau <b>kebakaran semak</b>, adalah sebuah kebakaran yang terjadi di <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alam_liar&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #cc2200; text-decoration: none;" title="Alam liar (halaman belum tersedia)">alam liar</a>, tetapi dapat juga memusnahkan rumah-rumah atau sumber daya pertanian. Penyebab umum termasuk <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petir" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Petir">petir</a>, <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kecerobohan_manusia&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #cc2200; text-decoration: none;" title="Kecerobohan manusia (halaman belum tersedia)">kecerobohan manusia</a>, dan<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembakaran" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Pembakaran">pembakaran</a>.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musim_kemarau" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Musim kemarau">Musim kemarau</a> dan pencegahan kebakaran hutan kecil adalah penyebab utama kebakaran hutan besar.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Kebakaran hutan dalam bahasa Inggris berarti "api liar" yang berasal dari sebuah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinonim" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sinonim">sinonim</a> dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Api_Yunani" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Api Yunani">Api Yunani</a>, sebuah bahan seperti-<a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Napalm&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #cc2200; text-decoration: none;" title="Napalm (halaman belum tersedia)">napalm</a> yang digunakan di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eropa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Eropa">Eropa</a> Pertengahan sebagai senjata maritim</div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Statistik">Statistik</span></h2><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Jumlah permukaan yang terbakar setiap tahunnya mewakili sekitar:</div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/18/Monobook-bullet.png); list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perancis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Perancis">Perancis</a>: 21.100 <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hektar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Hektar">hektar</a> (211 <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Km%C2%B2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Km²">km²</a>, 52.140 <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acres&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #cc2200; text-decoration: none;" title="Acres (halaman belum tersedia)">acres</a>, 81 <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mile%C2%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #cc2200; text-decoration: none;" title="Mile² (halaman belum tersedia)">mile²</a> ; 0,04% Perancis</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>:<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/18/Monobook-bullet.png); list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="1991">1991</a> : 182.000 ha (1.820 km², 449.732 acres, 703 mile²; 2% wilayah negara)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="2003">2003</a> : 424.900 ha (4.249 km², 1,05 juta acres, 1.641 mile²; 4,6% wilayah negara; 20 meninggal)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="2004">2004</a> : 120.530 ha (1.205,3 km², 297.836 acres, 465 mile²; 1,3% wilayah negara)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="2005">2005</a>: 286.400 ha (2.864 km², 707.668 acres, 1.106 mile²; 3.1% wilayah negara; 17 meninggal)</li>
</ul></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a>: 1,74 juta hektare (17.400 km², 4,3 juta acres, 6.718 mile²; 0,18% wilayah negara)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> - Sumber data: sebelum 1997 dari Badan Pengendalian Dampak Lingkungan (BAPEDAL) dan Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) - Collaborative Environmental Project in Indonesia (CEPI). Data 1997/1998 dari Asian Development Bank (ADB) . Data 1999-2005 berasal dari Departemen Kehutanan Indonesia.<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/18/Monobook-bullet.png); list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="1982">1982</a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="1983">1983</a>: 3,6 juta hektare ( 36.000 km², 8,9 juta acres, 13.900 mile²).</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="1987">1987</a>: 49.323 hektare ( 492 km², 121.880 acres, 190 mile²).</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="1991">1991</a>: 118.881 hektare (1.189 km², 293.761 acres, 459 mile²).</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="1994">1994</a>: 161.798 hektare (1.618 km², 399.812 acres, 625 mile²).</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="1997">1997</a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="1998">1998</a>: 9,8 juta hektare ( 97.550 km², 24,1 juta acres, 37.664 mile²). Sumber data dari ADB.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="1999">1999</a>: 44.090 hektare (441 km², 108.989 acres, 170 mile² ).</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="2000">2000</a>: 8.255 hektare ( 83 km², 20.399 acres, 32 mile²).</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="2001">2001</a>: 14.351 hektare (144 km², 35.462 acres, 55 mile²).</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="2002">2002</a>: 36.691 hektare (367 km², 90.665 acres, 142 mile²).</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="2003">2003</a>: 3.745 hektare ( 37 km², 9.254 acres, 14 mile²).</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="2004">2004</a>: 13.991 hektare (140 km², 34.573 acres, 54 mile²).</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="2005">2005</a>: 13.328 hektare (133 km², 32.934 acres, 51 mile²).</li>
</ul></li>
</ul><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kebakaran_liar&action=edit&section=2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Penyebab">sunting</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Penyebab">Penyebab</span></h2><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Penyebab Kebakaran liar, antara lain:</div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/18/Monobook-bullet.png); list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Sambaran <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petir" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Petir">petir</a> pada <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Hutan">hutan</a> yang kering karena <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musim_kemarau" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Musim kemarau">musim kemarau</a> yang panjang.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Kecerobohan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Manusia">manusia</a> antara lain membuang puntung <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokok" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Rokok">rokok</a> secara sembarangan dan lupa mematikan api di perkemahan.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Aktivitas vulkanis seperti terkena aliran lahar atau awan panas dari letusan gunung berapi.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Tindakan yang disengaja seperti untuk membersihkan lahan pertanian atau membuka lahan pertanian baru dan tindakan vandalisme.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebakaran_bawah" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Kebakaran bawah">Kebakaran di bawah tanah/ground fire</a> pada daerah tanah gambut yang dapat menyulut kebakaran di atas tanah pada saat musim kemarau.</li>
</ul><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kebakaran_liar&action=edit&section=3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Dampak">sunting</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Dampak">Dampak</span></h2><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Dampak yang ditimbulkan dari kebakaran liar antara lain:</div><ol style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 3.2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Menyebarkan emisi gas <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon_dioksida" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Karbon dioksida">karbon dioksida</a> ke <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfer" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Atmosfer">atmosfer</a>. Kebakaran hutan pada <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="1997">1997</a> menimbulkan emisi / penyebaran sebanyak 2,6 miliar ton karbon dioksida ke atmosfer (sumber majala Nature 2002). Sebagai perbandingan total emisi karbon dioksida di seluruh dunia pada tahun tersebut adalah 6 miliar ton.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Terbunuhnya satwa liar dan musnahnya tanaman baik karena kebakaran, terjebak asap atau rusaknya habitat. Kebakaran juga dapat menyebabkan banyak spesies endemik/khas di suatu daerah turut punah sebelum sempat dikenali/diteliti.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Menyebabkan banjir selama beberapa minggu di saat musim hujan dan kekeringan di saat musim kemarau.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Kekeringan yang ditimbulkan dapat menyebabkan terhambatnya jalur pengangkutan lewat sungai dan menyebabkan kelaparan di daerah-daerah terpencil.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Kekeringan juga akan mengurangi volume air waduk pada saat musim kemarau yang mengakibatkan terhentinya pembangkit listrik (PLTA) pada musim kemarau.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Musnahnya bahan baku industri perkayuan, mebel/furniture. Lebih jauh lagi hal ini dapat mengakibatkan perusahaan perkayuan terpaksa ditutup karena kurangnya bahan baku dan puluhan ribu pekerja menjadi penganggur/kehilangan pekerjaan.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Meningkatnya jumlah penderita penyakit infeksi saluran pernapasan atas (ISPA) dan kanker paru-paru. Hal ini bisa menyebabkan kematian bagi penderita berusia lanjut dan anak-anak. Polusi asap ini juga bisa menambah parah penyakit para penderita TBC/asma.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Asap yang ditimbulkan menyebabkan gangguan di berbagai segi kehidupan masyarakat antara lain pendidikan, agama dan ekonomi. Banyak sekolah yang terpaksa diliburkan pada saat kabut asap berada di tingkat yang berbahaya. Penduduk dihimbau tidak bepergian jika tidak ada keperluan mendesak. Hal ini mengganggu kegiatan keagamaan dan mengurangi kegiatan perdagangan/ekonomi. Gangguan asap juga terjadi pada sarana perhubungan/transportasi yaitu berkurangnya batas pandang. Banyak pelabuhan udara yang ditutup pada saat pagi hari di musim kemarau karena jarak pandang yang terbatas bisa berbahaya bagi penerbangan. Sering terjadi kecelakaan tabrakan antar perahu di sungai-sungai, karena terbatasnya jarak pandang.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Musnahnya bangunan, mobil, sarana umum dan harta benda lainnya.</li>
</ol></span>tentang_bencanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07521135024478553368noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7100868353950170594.post-14209234739816892142010-12-17T19:12:00.000-08:002010-12-17T19:13:23.525-08:00Letusan Gunung Merapi<iframe frameborder="0" height="344" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/_TDF4Cz5-Xg?fs=1" width="425"></iframe>tentang_bencanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07521135024478553368noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7100868353950170594.post-12565540634769539682010-12-17T19:10:00.000-08:002010-12-17T19:11:43.513-08:00tsunami aceh 2004<iframe frameborder="0" height="344" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/mcuVqxn5Qpc?fs=1" width="425">&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;video</iframe>tentang_bencanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07521135024478553368noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7100868353950170594.post-52335566201060765692010-12-17T19:00:00.001-08:002010-12-17T19:02:42.017-08:00banjir wasior<h1>Korban banjir Wasior 68 jiwa </h1><div class="g-container story-body"><div class="bodytext"><div class="module "><div class="image img-w226"><img alt="Peta Papua " height="170" src="http://wscdn.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/assets/images/2010/06/16/100616103416_0616_indonesia_papua.gif" width="226" /><br />
<div class="caption">Wasior terletak di Kabupaten Teluk Wondama hasil pemekaran wilayah</div></div></div><div class="ingress">Sejak terjadi pada Senin (04/10) pagi lalu, jumlah korban jiwa akibat banjir di Wasior, Teluk Wondama Papua terus bertambah dan hingga Rabu (06/10) siang telah mencapai 68 orang.</div>Menurut Pusat Data Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB), para korban ditemukan setelah upaya evakuasi dilakukan tim pencari termasuk dari SAR dan TNI.<br />
"Korban masih bisa bertambah karena sampai saat ini, tim masih mencari 66 orang lagi yang dilaporkan hilang," kata Untung Sarosa, direktur Perbaikan Darurat BNPB.<br />
Untung yang berada di Wasior sejak banjir terjadi mengatakan upaya pemberian bantuan dan evakuasi terhambat oleh genangan lumpur serta potongan batang kayu dan batu-batu di beberapa titik.<br />
"Jalanan di Wasior ada sekitar 18 kilometer panjangnya, beberapa kilometer di antaranya tidak bisa dilewati kendaraan," tambah Untung.<br />
Banjir bandang, menurut Untung, bersumber dari hujan terus-menerus sepanjang akhir pekan sehingga membawa limpahan air dari bukit-bukit di atas Kota Wasior.<br />
Limpahan air ditambah batu, kayu dan lumpur kemudian merusak infrastruktur sehingga melumpuhkan kota kecil berpenduduk sekitar 5.000 jiwa tersebut.<br />
Tim evakuasi tengah menunggu kedatangan alat berat, yang dijanjikan dikirim dari ibukota provinsi Papua Barat di Manokwari.<br />
<h2>Pembersihan landasan udara</h2>Salah satu fokus kerja tim evakuasi di Wasior hari ini, menurut Untung Sarosa, adalah pembersihan landasan udara Wasior agar bisa kembali dipakai pesawat ukuran sedang untuk mendarat.<br />
<div class="module "><div class="box bx-quote-bubble"><blockquote>Saat ini (lanud wasior) cuma bisa dipakai helikopter untuk mendarat dan tinggal landas</blockquote><div class="signature">Untung Sarosa</div></div></div>"Saat ini cuma bisa dipakai helikopter untuk mendarat dan tinggal landas, sehingga cukup mengganggu proses angkut bantuan," kata Untung.<br />
Jalur laut terdekat, lewat Manokwari, harus ditempuh dengan perjalanan selama delapan jam.<br />
Meskipun tidak dapat didarati pesawat jenis Hercules, menurut Untung Sarosa, lanud Wasior yang panjang landasannya mencapai 800m bisa melayani pendaratan pesawat jenis Puma atau CN yang biasa mengangkut bantuan.<br />
BNPB telah mengangkut lebih dari 500 pengungsi dari Wasior ke Manokwari maupun Jayapura.<br />
Hambatan lain dalam upaya koordinasi bantuan adalah terputusnya aliran listrik dan saluran komunikasi.<br />
Pemulihan aliran listrik diperkirakan membutuhkan waktu cukup lama, karena kerusakan pada sumber tegangan akibat tertimpa kayu dan batu.</div></div>tentang_bencanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07521135024478553368noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7100868353950170594.post-34387398378336539652010-12-17T18:47:00.000-08:002010-12-17T19:03:41.633-08:00banjir<b class="selflink">Banjir</b> adalah peristiwa <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Terbenamnya&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Terbenamnya (halaman belum tersedia)">terbenamnya</a> <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daratan&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Daratan (halaman belum tersedia)">daratan</a> oleh <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air" title="Air">air</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Pendidikan_0-0"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjir#cite_note-Pendidikan-0">[1]</a></sup> <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peristiwa&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Peristiwa (halaman belum tersedia)">Peristiwa</a> banjir <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbul" title="Timbul">timbul</a> jika air <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Menggenangi&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Menggenangi (halaman belum tersedia)">menggenangi</a> daratan yang biasanya <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kering&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Kering (halaman belum tersedia)">kering</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Pendidikan_Jasmani_1-0"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjir#cite_note-Pendidikan_Jasmani-1">[2]</a></sup> Banjir pada umumnya disebabkan oleh air sungai yang <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meluap&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Meluap (halaman belum tersedia)">meluap</a> ke lingkungan sekitarnya sebagai akibat <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curah_hujan" title="Curah hujan">curah hujan</a> yang tinggi.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Pendidikan_0-1"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjir#cite_note-Pendidikan-0">[1]</a></sup> Kekuatan banjir mampu <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Merusak&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Merusak (halaman belum tersedia)">merusak</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumah" title="Rumah">rumah</a> dan <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Menyapu&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Menyapu (halaman belum tersedia)">menyapu</a> <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fondasinya&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Fondasinya (halaman belum tersedia)">fondasinya</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Planet_2-0"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjir#cite_note-Planet-2">[3]</a></sup> Air banjir juga membawa <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpur" title="Lumpur">lumpur</a> <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berbau&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Berbau (halaman belum tersedia)">berbau</a> yang dapat <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Menutup&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Menutup (halaman belum tersedia)">menutup</a> segalanya setelah air <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surut&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Surut (halaman belum tersedia)">surut</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Planet_2-1"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjir#cite_note-Planet-2">[3]</a></sup> Banjir adalah hal yang <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rutin&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Rutin (halaman belum tersedia)">rutin</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kembang_ilalang_3-0"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjir#cite_note-Kembang_ilalang-3">[4]</a></sup> Setiap tahun pasti datang.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kembang_ilalang_3-1"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjir#cite_note-Kembang_ilalang-3">[4]</a></sup> Banjir, sebenarnya merupakan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenomena" title="Fenomena">fenomena</a> kejadian alam "biasa" yang sering terjadi dan dihadapi hampir di seluruh negara-negara di dunia, termasuk <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjir#cite_note-4">[5]</a></sup> Banjir sudah temasuk dalam <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urutan&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Urutan (halaman belum tersedia)">urutan</a> bencana besar, karena meminta <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korban" title="Korban">korban</a> besar.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjir#cite_note-5">[6]</a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Ciri-ciri">Ciri-ciri</span></h2>Bencana banjir memiliki ciri-ciri dan akibat sebagai berikut.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjir#cite_note-6">[7]</a></sup><br />
<ul><li>Banjir biasanya terjadi saat <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hujan_deras&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Hujan deras (halaman belum tersedia)">hujan deras</a> yang turun terus menerus sepanjang hari.</li>
<li>Air <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Menggenangi&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Menggenangi (halaman belum tersedia)">menggenangi</a> tempat-tempat tertentu dengan <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketinggian" title="Ketinggian">ketinggian</a> tertentu.</li>
<li>Banjir dapat mengakibatkan <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hanyutnya&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Hanyutnya (halaman belum tersedia)">hanyutnya</a> rumah-rumah, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanaman" title="Tanaman">tanaman</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewan" title="Hewan">hewan</a>, dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusia" title="Manusia">manusia</a>.</li>
<li>Banjir <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mengikis&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Mengikis (halaman belum tersedia)">mengikis</a> permukaan tanah sehingga terjadi <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Endapan_tanah&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Endapan tanah (halaman belum tersedia)">endapan tanah</a> di tempat-tempat yang rendah.</li>
<li>Banjir dapat <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mendangkalkan&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Mendangkalkan (halaman belum tersedia)">mendangkalkan</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai" title="Sungai">sungai</a>, <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kolam&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Kolam (halaman belum tersedia)">kolam</a>, atau <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danau" title="Danau">danau</a>.</li>
<li>Sesudah banjir, lingkungan menjadi kotor oleh endapan tanah dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampah" title="Sampah">sampah</a>.</li>
<li>Banjir dapat menyebabkan <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Korban_jiwa&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Korban jiwa (halaman belum tersedia)">korban jiwa</a>, <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luka_berat&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Luka berat (halaman belum tersedia)">luka berat</a>, <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luka_ringan&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Luka ringan (halaman belum tersedia)">luka ringan</a>, atau <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hilangnya_orang&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Hilangnya orang (halaman belum tersedia)">hilangnya orang</a>.</li>
<li>Banjir dapat menyebabkan kerugian yg besar baik secara moril maupun materiil.</li>
</ul><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banjir&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Jenis">sunting</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Jenis">Jenis</span></h2><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 252px;"><a class="image" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:KPG_Tian_banjir.jpg&filetimestamp=20080625084646"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="188" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/KPG_Tian_banjir.jpg/250px-KPG_Tian_banjir.jpg" width="250" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:KPG_Tian_banjir.jpg&filetimestamp=20080625084646" title="Perbesar"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Banjir merugikan banyak pihak</div></div></div>Berdasarkan sumber air yang menjadi <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penampung&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Penampung (halaman belum tersedia)">penampung</a> di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi">bumi</a>, jenis banjir dibedakan menjadi tiga, yaitu <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banjir_sungai&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Banjir sungai (halaman belum tersedia)">banjir sungai</a>, <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banjir_danau&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Banjir danau (halaman belum tersedia)">banjir danau</a>, dan <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banjir_laut_pasang&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Banjir laut pasang (halaman belum tersedia)">banjir laut pasang</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjir#cite_note-7">[8]</a></sup><br />
<ul><li>Banjir Sungai</li>
</ul><dl><dd>Terjadi karena air sungai <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meluap&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Meluap (halaman belum tersedia)">meluap</a>.</dd></dl><ul><li>Banjir Danau</li>
</ul><dl><dd>Terjadi karena air danau meluap atau <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bendungannya&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Bendungannya (halaman belum tersedia)">bendungannya</a> <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jebol&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Jebol (halaman belum tersedia)">jebol</a>.</dd></dl><ul><li>Banjir Laut pasang</li>
</ul><dl><dd>Terjadi antara lain akibat adanya <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badai" title="Badai">badai</a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gempa_bumi" title="Gempa bumi">gempa bumi</a>.</dd></dl><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banjir&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Penyebab Terjadinya Banjir">sunting</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Penyebab_Terjadinya_Banjir">Penyebab Terjadinya Banjir</span></h2>Secara umum, penyebab terjadinya banjir adalah sebagai berikut.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Pendidikan_Jasmani_1-1"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjir#cite_note-Pendidikan_Jasmani-1">[2]</a></sup><br />
<ul><li><a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penebangan_hutan&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Penebangan hutan (halaman belum tersedia)">Penebangan hutan</a> secara <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liar" title="Liar">liar</a> tanpa disertai <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reboisasi" title="Reboisasi">reboisasi</a>,</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pendangkalan_sungai&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Pendangkalan sungai (halaman belum tersedia)">Pendangkalan sungai</a>,</li>
<li>Pembuangan sampah yang sembarangan, baik ke <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aliran&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Aliran (halaman belum tersedia)">aliran</a> sungai mapupun <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotong_royong" title="Gotong royong">gotong royong</a>,</li>
<li>Pembuatan <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saluran_air&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Saluran air (halaman belum tersedia)">saluran air</a> yang tidak memenuhi <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syarat&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Syarat (halaman belum tersedia)">syarat</a>,</li>
<li>Pembuatan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanggul" title="Tanggul">tanggul</a> yang kurang baik,</li>
<li><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_laut" title="Air laut">Air laut</a>, sungai, atau danau yang meluap dan menggenangi daratan.</li>
</ul><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banjir&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Dampak Dari Banjir">sunting</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Dampak_Dari_Banjir">Dampak Dari Banjir</span></h2>Banjir dapat menimbulkan kerusakan lingkungan hidup berupa:<br />
<ol><li>Rusaknya <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Areal&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Areal (halaman belum tersedia)">areal</a> <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pemukiman_penduduk&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Pemukiman penduduk (halaman belum tersedia)">pemukiman penduduk</a>,</li>
<li>Sulitnya mendapatkan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_bersih" title="Air bersih">air bersih</a>, dan</li>
<li>Rusaknya <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarana&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Sarana (halaman belum tersedia)">sarana</a> dan <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prasarana&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Prasarana (halaman belum tersedia)">prasarana</a> penduduk.</li>
<li>Rusaknya areal <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertanian" title="Pertanian">pertanian</a></li>
<li>Timbulnya penyakit-penyakit</li>
<li>Menghambat <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportasi_darat" title="Transportasi darat">transportasi darat</a></li>
</ol>tentang_bencanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07521135024478553368noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7100868353950170594.post-35065077512434495152010-12-17T18:36:00.000-08:002010-12-17T19:07:01.618-08:00Tsunami<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em;"><b>Tsunami</b> (<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Jepang" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Bahasa Jepang">bahasa Jepang</a>: 津波; tsu = pelabuhan, nami = <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelombang" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gelombang">gelombang</a>, secara <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harafiah" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Harafiah">harafiah</a> berarti "ombak besar di pelabuhan") adalah perpindahan badan air yang disebabkan oleh perubahan permukaan laut secara vertikal dengan tiba-tiba. Perubahan permukaan laut tersebut bisa disebabkan oleh <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gempa_bumi" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gempa bumi">gempa bumi</a> yang berpusat di bawah laut, letusan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_berapi" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gunung berapi">gunung berapi</a> bawah laut, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longsor" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Longsor">longsor</a> bawah laut, atau atau hantaman <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteor" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Meteor">meteor</a> di laut. <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelombang" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gelombang">Gelombang</a> tsunami dapat merambat ke segala arah. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenaga" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Tenaga">Tenaga</a> yang dikandung dalam <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelombang" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gelombang">gelombang</a> tsunami adalah tetap terhadap fungsi ketinggian dan kelajuannya. Di laut dalam, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelombang" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gelombang">gelombang</a> tsunami dapat merambat dengan kecepatan 500-1000 km per jam. Setara dengan kecepatan pesawat terbang. Ketinggian gelombang di laut dalam hanya sekitar 1 meter. Dengan demikian, laju gelombang tidak terasa oleh kapal yang sedang berada di tengah laut. Ketika mendekati pantai, kecepatan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelombang" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gelombang">gelombang</a> tsunami menurun hingga sekitar 30 km per jam, namun ketinggiannya sudah meningkat hingga mencapai puluhan meter. Hantaman gelombang Tsunami bisa masuk hingga puluhan kilometer dari bibir pantai. Kerusakan dan korban jiwa yang terjadi karena Tsunami bisa diakibatkan karena hantaman air maupun material yang terbawa oleh aliran gelombang tsunami.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em;">Dampak negatif yang diakibatkan tsunami adalah merusak apa saja yang dilaluinya. Bangunan, tumbuh-tumbuhan, dan mengakibatkan korban jiwa manusia serta menyebabkan genangan, pencemaran air asin lahan pertanian, tanah, dan air bersih.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em;">Sejarawan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunani" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Yunani">Yunani</a> bernama <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thucydides&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; color: #cc2200; text-decoration: none;" title="Thucydides (halaman belum tersedia)">Thucydides</a> merupakan orang pertama yang mengaitkan tsunami dengan gempa bawah lain. Namun hingga abad ke-20, pengetahuan mengenai penyebab tsunami masih sangat minim. Penelitian masih terus dilakukan untuk memahami penyebab tsunami.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em;">Teks-teks <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologi" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Geologi">geologi</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografi" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Geografi">geografi</a>, dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oseanografi" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Oseanografi">oseanografi</a> di masa lalu menyebut tsunami sebagai "gelombang laut seismik".</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em;">Beberapa kondisi <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meteorologis&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; color: #cc2200; text-decoration: none;" title="Meteorologis (halaman belum tersedia)">meteorologis</a>, seperti badai tropis, dapat menyebabkan gelombang badai yang disebut sebagai <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteor" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Meteor">meteor</a> <b class="selflink">tsunami</b> yang ketinggiannya beberapa meter diatas gelombang laut normal. Ketika badai ini mencapai daratan, bentuknya bisa menyerupai tsunami, meski sebenarnya bukan tsunami. Gelombangnya bisa menggenangi daratan. Gelombang badai ini pernah menggenangi Burma (Myanmar) pada Mei 2008.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em;">Wilayah di sekeliling <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samudra_Pasifik" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Samudra Pasifik">Samudra Pasifik</a> memiliki <i>Pacific Tsunami Warning Centre (PTWC)</i> yang mengeluarkan peringatan jika terdapat ancaman tsunami pada wilayah ini. Wilayah di sekeliling <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samudera_Hindia" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Samudera Hindia">Samudera Hindia</a> sedang membangun <i>Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System (IOTWS)</i> yang akan berpusat di Indonesia</div><h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Terminologi">Terminologi</span></h2><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em;">Kata tsunami berasal dari bahasa jepang, tsu berarti <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelabuhan" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Pelabuhan">pelabuhan</a>, dan nami berarti <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelombang" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gelombang">gelombang</a>. Tsunami sering terjadi Jepang. Sejarah Jepang mencatat setidaknya 195 tsunami telah terjadi.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em;">Pada beberapa kesempatan, tsunami disamakan dengan <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelombang_pasang" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gelombang pasang">gelombang pasang</a>. Dalam tahun-tahun terakhir, persepsi ini telah dinyatakan tidak sesuai lagi, terutama dalam komunitas peneliti, karena gelombang pasang tidak ada hubungannya dengan tsunami. Persepsi ini dahulu populer karena penampakan tsunami yang menyerupai gelombang pasang yang tinggi.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em;">Tsunami dan gelombang pasang sama-sama menghasilkan gelombang air yang bergerak ke daratan, namun dalam kejadian tsunami, gerakan gelombang jauh lebih besar dan lebih lama, sehingga memberika kesan seperti gelombang pasang yang sangat tinggi. Meskipun pengartian yang menyamakan dengan "pasang-surut" meliputi "kemiripan" atau "memiliki kesamaan karakter" dengan gelombang pasang, pengertian ini tidak lagi tepat. Tsunami tidak hanya terbatas pada pelabuhan. Karenanya para <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologis" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Geologis">geologis</a> dan <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oseanografis&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; color: #cc2200; text-decoration: none;" title="Oseanografis (halaman belum tersedia)">oseanografis</a> sangat tidak merekomendasikan untuk menggunakan istilah ini.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em;">Hanya ada beberapa bahasa lokal yang memiliki arti yang sama dengan gelombang merusak ini. <i>Aazhi Peralai</i> dalam <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Tamil" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Bahasa Tamil">Bahasa Tamil</a>, <i>ië beuna</i> atau <i>alôn buluëk</i> (menurut dialek) dalam <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Aceh" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Bahasa Aceh">Bahasa Aceh</a>adalah contohnya. Sebagai catatan, dalam bahasa <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Tagalog">Tagalog</a> versi <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesia" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Austronesia">Austronesia</a>, bahasa utama di Filipina, <i>alon</i> berarti "gelombang". Di Pulau <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeulue" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Simeulue">Simeulue</a>, daerah pesisir barat Sumatra, Indonesia, dalam<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Defayan" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Bahasa Defayan">Bahasa Defayan</a>, <i>smong</i> berarti tsunami. Sementara dalam <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Sigulai" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Bahasa Sigulai">Bahasa Sigulai</a>, <i>emong</i> berarti tsunami.</div><h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tsunami&action=edit&section=2" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Penyebab terjadinya tsunami">sunting</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Penyebab_terjadinya_tsunami">Penyebab terjadinya tsunami</span></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; border-color: white; border-style: solid; border-width: 0.5em 0px 0.8em 1.4em; clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px ! important; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:Skema_tsunami.gif&filetimestamp=20041229235316" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="290" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/thumb/d/de/Skema_tsunami.gif/220px-Skema_tsunami.gif" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><br />
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border-style: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px ! important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-image: none ! important; border-style: none ! important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:Skema_tsunami.gif&filetimestamp=20041229235316" style="background-image: none ! important; border-style: none ! important; color: #0645ad; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Perbesar"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-color: white; background-image: none ! important; border-style: none ! important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>Skema terjadinya tsunami</div></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em;">Tsunami dapat terjadi jika terjadi gangguan yang menyebabkan perpindahan sejumlah besar air, seperti letusan <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_api" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gunung api">gunung api</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gempa_bumi" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gempa bumi">gempa bumi</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longsor" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Longsor">longsor</a> maupun<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteor" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Meteor">meteor</a> yang jatuh ke bumi. Namun, 90% tsunami adalah akibat gempa bumi bawah laut. Dalam rekaman sejarah beberapa tsunami diakibatkan oleh gunung meletus, misalnya ketika meletusnya <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_Krakatau" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gunung Krakatau">Gunung Krakatau</a>.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em;">Gerakan vertikal pada <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerak_bumi" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Kerak bumi">kerak bumi</a>, dapat mengakibatkan dasar laut naik atau turun secara tiba-tiba, yang mengakibatkan gangguan keseimbangan air yang berada di atasnya. Hal ini mengakibatkan terjadinya aliran energi air laut, yang ketika sampai di pantai menjadi gelombang besar yang mengakibatkan terjadinya tsunami.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em;">Kecepatan gelombang tsunami tergantung pada kedalaman laut di mana gelombang terjadi, dimana kecepatannya bisa mencapai ratusan kilometer per jam. Bila tsunami mencapai pantai, kecepatannya akan menjadi kurang lebih 50 km/jam dan energinya sangat merusak daerah pantai yang dilaluinya. Di tengah laut tinggi gelombang tsunami hanya beberapa cm hingga beberapa meter, namun saat mencapai pantai tinggi gelombangnya bisa mencapai puluhan meter karena terjadi penumpukan masa air. Saat mencapai pantai tsunami akan merayap masuk daratan jauh dari garis pantai dengan jangkauan mencapai beberapa ratus meter bahkan bisa beberapa kilometer.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em;">Gerakan vertikal ini dapat terjadi pada patahan bumi atau <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesar" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sesar">sesar</a>. Gempa bumi juga banyak terjadi di daerah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subduksi" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Subduksi">subduksi</a>, dimana lempeng samudera menelusup ke bawah lempeng benua.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em;">Tanah longsor yang terjadi di dasar laut serta runtuhan gunung api juga dapat mengakibatkan gangguan air laut yang dapat menghasilkan tsunami. Gempa yang menyebabkan gerakan tegak lurus lapisan bumi. Akibatnya, dasar laut naik-turun secara tiba-tiba sehingga keseimbangan air laut yang berada di atasnya terganggu. Demikian pula halnya dengan benda kosmis atau meteor yang jatuh dari atas. Jika ukuran meteor atau longsor ini cukup besar, dapat terjadi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megatsunami" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Megatsunami">megatsunami</a> yang tingginya mencapai ratusan meter.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em;">Gempa yang menyebabkan tsunami</div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/18/Monobook-bullet.png); list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Gempa bumi yang berpusat di tengah laut dan dangkal (0 - 30 km)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Gempa bumi dengan kekuatan sekurang-kurangnya 6,5 Skala Richter</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Gempa bumi dengan pola sesar naik atau sesar turun</li>
</ul><h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tsunami&action=edit&section=3" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Sistem Peringatan Dini">sunting</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Sistem_Peringatan_Dini">Sistem Peringatan Dini</span></h2><div class="dablink noprint" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em;"><img alt="!" height="20" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png/20px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.png" style="border-style: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="20" />Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_peringatan_tsunami" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sistem peringatan tsunami">Sistem peringatan tsunami</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em;">Banyak kota-kota di sekitar <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasifik" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Pasifik">Pasifik</a>, terutama di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jepang" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Jepang">Jepang</a> dan juga <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, mempunyai <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_peringatan_tsunami" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sistem peringatan tsunami">sistem peringatan tsunami</a> dan prosedur evakuasi untuk menangani kejadian tsunami. Bencana tsunami dapat diprediksi oleh berbagai institusi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismologi" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Seismologi">seismologi</a> di berbagai penjuru dunia dan proses terjadinya tsunami dapat dimonitor melalui perangkat yang ada di dasar atu permukaan laut yang terknoneksi dengan<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelit" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Satelit">satelit</a>.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em;">Perekam tekanan di dasar laut bersama-sama denganperangkat yang mengapung di laut <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buoy&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; color: #cc2200; text-decoration: none;" title="Buoy (halaman belum tersedia)">buoy</a>, dapat digunakan untuk mendeteksi gelombang yang tidak dapat dilihat oleh pengamat manusia pada laut dalam. Sistem sederhana yang pertama kali digunakan untuk memberikan peringatan awal akan terjadinya tsunami pernah dicoba di Hawai pada tahun 1920-an. Kemudian, sistem yang lebih canggih dikembangkan lagi setelah terjadinya tsunami besar pada tanggal 1 April 1946 dan 23 Mei 1960. Amerika serikat membuat <a class="external text" href="http://www.prh.noaa.gov/pr/ptwc/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding: 0px 13px 0px 0px; text-decoration: none;">Pasific Tsunami Warning Center</a> pada tahun 1949, dan menghubungkannya ke jaringan data dan peringatan internasional pada tahun 1965.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em;">Salah satu sistem untuk menyediakan peringatan dini tsunami, CREST Project, dipasang di pantai Barat Amerika Serikat, Alaska, dan Hawai oleh USGS, NOAA, dan Pacific Northwest Seismograph Network, serta oleh tiga jaringan seismik universitas.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em;">Hingga kini, ilmu tentang tsunami sudah cukup berkembang, meskipun proses terjadinya masih banyak yang belum diketahui dengan pasti. <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episenter" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Episenter">Episenter</a> dari sebuah gempa bawah laut dan kemungkinan kejadian tsunami dapat cepat dihitung. Pemodelan tsunami yang baik telah berhasil memperkirakan seberapa besar tinggi gelombang tsunami di daerah sumber, kecepatan penjalarannya dan waktu sampai di pantai, berapa ketinggian tsunami di pantai dan seberapa jauh rendaman yang mungkin terjadi di daratan. Walaupun begitu, karena faktor alamiah, seperti kompleksitas topografi dan batimetri sekitar pantai dan adanya corak ragam tutupan lahan (baik tumbuhan, bangunan, dll), perkiraan waktu kedatangan tsunami, ketinggian dan jarak rendaman tsunami masih belum bisa dimodelkan secara akurat.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em;"><br />
</div><h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tsunami&action=edit&section=4" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Sistem Peringatan Dini Tsunami di Indonesia">sunting</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Sistem_Peringatan_Dini_Tsunami_di_Indonesia">Sistem Peringatan Dini Tsunami di Indonesia</span></h3><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em;">Pemerintah Indonesia, dengan bantuan negara-negara donor, telah mengembangkan Sistem Peringatan Dini Tsunami Indonesia (Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System - InaTEWS). Sistem ini berpusat pada Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika (BMKG) di Jakarta. Sistem ini memungkinkan BMKG mengirimkan peringatan tsunami jika terjadi gempa yang berpotensi mengakibatkan tsunami. Sistem yang ada sekarang ini sedang disempurnakan. Kedepannya, sistem ini akan dapat mengeluarkan 3 tingkat peringatan, sesuai dengan hasil perhitungan Sistem Pendukung Pengambilan Keputusan (Decision Support System - DSS).</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em;">Pengembangan Sistem Peringatan Dini Tsunami ini melibatkan banyak pihak, baik instansi pemerintah pusat, pemerintah daerah, lembaga internasional, lembaga non-pemerintah. Koordinator dari pihak Indonesia adalah Kementrian Negara Riset dan Teknologi(RISTEK). Sedangkan instansi yang ditunjuk dan bertanggung jawab untuk mengeluarkan INFO GEMPA dan PERINGATAN TSUNAMI adalah BMKG (Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi dan Geofisika). Sistem ini didesain untuk dapat mengeluarkan peringatan tsunami dalam waktu paling lama 5 menit setelah gempa terjadi.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em;">Sistem Peringatan Dini memiliki 4 komponen: Pengetahuan mengenai Bahaya dan Resiko, Peramalan, Peringatan, dan Reaksi.Observasi (Monitoring gempa dan permukaan laut), Integrasi dan Diseminasi Informasi, Kesiapsiagaan.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em;"><br />
</div><h4 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tsunami&action=edit&section=5" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Cara Kerja">sunting</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Cara_Kerja">Cara Kerja</span></h4><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em;">Sebuah Sistem Peringatan Dini Tsunami adalah merupakan rangkaian sistem kerja yang rumit dan melibatkan banyak pihak secara internasional, regional, nasional, daerah dan bermuara di Masyarakat.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em;">Apabila terjadi suatu Gempa, maka kejadian tersebut dicatat oleh alat Seismograf (pencatat gempa). Informasi gempa (kekuatan, lokasi, waktu kejadian) dikirimkan melalui satelit ke BMKG Jakarta. Selanjutnya BMG akan mengeluarkan INFO GEMPA yang disampaikan melalui peralatan teknis secara simultan. Data gempa dimasukkan dalam DSS untuk memperhitungkan apakah gempa tersebut berpotensi menimbulkan tsunami. Perhitungan dilakukan berdasarkan jutaan skenario modelling yang sudah dibuat terlebih dahulu. Kemudian, BMKG dapat mengeluarkan INFO PERINGATAN TSUNAMI. Data gempa ini juga akan diintegrasikan dengan data dari peralatan sistem peringatan dini lainnya (GPS, BUOY, OBU, Tide Gauge) untuk memberikan konfirmasi apakah gelombang tsunami benar-benar sudah terbentuk. Informasi ini juga diteruskan oleh BMKG. BMKG menyampaikan info peringatan tsunami melalui beberapa institusi perantara, yang meliputi (Pemerintah Daerah dan Media). Institusi perantara inilah yang meneruskan informasi peringatan kepada masyarakat. BMKG juga menyampaikan info peringatan melalui SMS ke pengguna ponsel yang sudah terdaftar dalam database BMKG. Cara penyampaian Info Gempa tersebut untuk saat ini adalah melalui SMS, Facsimile, Telepon, Email, RANET (Radio Internet), FM RDS (Radio yang mempunyai fasilitas RDS/Radio Data System) dan melalui Website BMG (www.bmg.go.id).</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em;">Pengalaman serta banyak kejadian dilapangan membuktikan bahwa meskipun banyak peralatan canggih yang digunakan, tetapi alat yang paling efektif hingga saat ini untuk Sistem Peringatan Dini Tsunami adalah RADIO. Oleh sebab itu, kepada masyarakat yang tinggal didaerah rawan Tsunami diminta untuk selalu siaga mempersiapkan RADIO FM untuk mendengarkan berita peringatan dini Tsunami. Alat lainnya yang juga dikenal ampuh adalah Radio Komunikasi Antar Penduduk. Organisasi yang mengurusnya adalah RAPI (Radio Antar Penduduk Indonesia). Mengapa Radio ? jawabannya sederhana, karena ketika gempa seringkali mati lampu tidak ada listrik. Radio dapat beroperasi dengan baterai. Selain itu karena ukurannya kecil, dapat dibawa-bawa (mobile). Radius komunikasinyapun relatif cukup memadai.</div><h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tsunami&action=edit&section=6" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Tsunami dalam sejarah">sunting</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Tsunami_dalam_sejarah">Tsunami dalam sejarah</span></h2><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/18/Monobook-bullet.png); list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_November" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="1 November">1 November</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1755" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="1755">1755</a> - Tsunami menghancurkan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisboa" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Lisboa">Lisboa</a>, ibu kota <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, dan menelan 60.000 korban jiwa.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1883" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="1883">1883</a> - Pada tanggal <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/26_Agustus" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="26 Agustus">26 Agustus</a>, letusan gunung <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakatau" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Krakatau">Krakatau</a> dan tsunami menewaskan lebih dari 36.000 jiwa.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="2004">2004</a> - Pada tanggal <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/25_Desember" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="25 Desember">25</a>-<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/26_Desember" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="26 Desember">26 Desember</a> 2004, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Samudra_Hindia_2004" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gempa bumi Samudra Hindia 2004">gempa besar yang menimbulkan tsunami</a> menelan korban jiwa lebih dari 250.000 di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Selatan" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Asia Selatan">Asia Selatan</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Tenggara" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Asia Tenggara">Asia Tenggara</a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Afrika">Afrika</a>. Ketinggian tsunami 35 m,</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="2006">2006</a> - <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/17_Juli" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="17 Juli">17 Juli</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Jawa_Juli_2006" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gempa bumi Jawa Juli 2006">Gempa yang menyebabkan tsunami</a> terjadi di selatan pulau <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawa" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Jawa">Jawa</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, dan setinggi maksimum ditemukan 21 meter di Pulau Nusakambangan. Memakan korban jiwa lebih dari 500 orang. Dan berasal dari selatan kota <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciamis" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ciamis">Ciamis</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="2007">2007</a> - <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_September" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="12 September">12 September</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengkulu" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Bengkulu">Bengkulu</a>, Memakan korban jiwa 3 orang. Ketinggian tsunami 3-4 m.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="2010">2010</a> - <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/27_Februari" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="27 Februari">27 Februari</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Santiago">Santiago</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chili" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Chili">Chili</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">2010 - <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/26_Oktober" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="26 Oktober">26 Oktober</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepulauan_Mentawai" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Kepulauan Mentawai">Kepulauan Mentawai</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li>
</ul>tentang_bencanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07521135024478553368noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7100868353950170594.post-3864508133183807092010-12-17T18:34:00.001-08:002010-12-26T22:39:01.231-08:00gempa bumi<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"><b>Gempa bumi</b> adalah getaran atau guncangan yang terjadi di permukaan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumi" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Bumi">bumi</a>. Gempa bumi biasa disebabkan oleh pergerakan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerak_bumi" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Kerak bumi">kerak bumi</a> (lempeng bumi). Kata gempa bumi juga digunakan untuk menunjukkan daerah asal terjadinya kejadian gempa bumi tersebut. Bumi kita walaupun padat, selalu bergerak, dan gempa bumi terjadi apabila tekanan yang terjadi karena pergerakan itu sudah terlalu besar untuk dapat ditahan.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"><h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Tipe_gempa_bumi">Tipe gempa bumi</span></h2><ol style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gempa_bumi_vulkanik&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; color: #cc2200; text-decoration: none;" title="Gempa bumi vulkanik (halaman belum tersedia)">Gempa bumi vulkanik</a> ( Gunung Api ) ; Gempa bumi ini terjadi akibat adanya aktivitas magma, yang biasa terjadi sebelum gunung api meletus. Apabila keaktifannya semakin tinggi maka akan menyebabkan timbulnya ledakan yang juga akan menimbulkan terjadinya gempabumi. Gempa bumi tersebut hanya terasa di sekitar gunung api tersebut.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gempa_bumi_tektonik" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gempa bumi tektonik">Gempa bumi tektonik</a> ; Gempa bumi ini disebabkan oleh adanya aktivitas tektonik, yaitu pergeseran lempeng lempeng tektonik secara mendadak yang mempunyai kekuatan dari yang sangat kecil hingga yang sangat besar. Gempabumi ini banyak menimbulkan kerusakan atau bencana alam di bumi, getaran gempa bumi yang kuat mampu menjalar keseluruh bagian bumi. Gempa bumi tektonik disebabkan oleh perlepasan [tenaga] yang terjadi karena pergeseran lempengan <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plat_tektonik" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Plat tektonik">plat tektonik</a> seperti layaknya gelang karet ditarik dan dilepaskan dengan tiba-tiba. Tenaga yang dihasilkan oleh tekanan antara batuan dikenal sebagai kecacatan tektonik. Teori dari <i>tectonic plate</i> (lempeng tektonik) menjelaskan bahwa bumi terdiri dari beberapa lapisan batuan, sebagian besar area dari lapisan kerak itu akan hanyut dan mengapung di lapisan seperti <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salju" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Salju">salju</a>. Lapisan tersebut begerak perlahan sehingga berpecah-pecah dan bertabrakan satu sama lainnya. Hal inilah yang menyebabkan terjadinya gempa tektonik.</li>
</ol><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em;">.Peta penyebarannya mengikuti pola dan aturan yang khusus dan menyempit, yakni mengikuti pola-pola pertemuan lempeng-lempeng tektonik yang menyusun <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerak_bumi" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Kerak bumi">kerak bumi</a>. Dalam ilmu kebumian (<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologi" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Geologi">geologi</a>), kerangka teoretis tektonik lempeng merupakan <i>postulat</i> untuk menjelaskan fenomena gempa bumi tektonik yang melanda hampir seluruh kawasan, yang berdekatan dengan batas pertemuan lempeng tektonik. Contoh gempa vulkanik ialah seperti yang terjadi di <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogyakarta" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> pada <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabtu" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sabtu">Sabtu</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/27" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="27">27</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mei" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Mei">Mei</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="2006">2006</a> dini hari, pukul 05.54 WIB,</div><ol style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gempa_bumi_tumbukan&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; color: #cc2200; text-decoration: none;" title="Gempa bumi tumbukan (halaman belum tersedia)">Gempa bumi tumbukan</a> ; Gempa bumi ini diakibatkan oleh tumbukan meteor atau asteroid yang jatuh ke bumi, jenis gempa bumi ini jarang terjadi</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gempa_bumi_runtuhan&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; color: #cc2200; text-decoration: none;" title="Gempa bumi runtuhan (halaman belum tersedia)">Gempa bumi runtuhan</a> ; Gempa bumi ini biasanya terjadi pada daerah kapur ataupun pada daerah pertambangan, gempabumi ini jarang terjadi dan bersifat lokal.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gempa_bumi_buatan&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; color: #cc2200; text-decoration: none;" title="Gempa bumi buatan (halaman belum tersedia)">Gempa bumi buatan</a> ; Gempa bumi buatan adalah gempa bumi yang disebabkan oleh aktivitas dari manusia, seperti peledakan dinamit, nuklir atau palu yang dipukulkan ke permukaan bumi.<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Penyebab_terjadinya_gempa_bumi">Penyebab terjadinya gempa bumi</span></h2><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em;">Kebanyakan gempa bumi disebabkan dari pelepasan energi yang dihasilkan oleh tekanan yang dilakukan oleh lempengan yang bergerak. Semakin lama tekanan itu kian membesar dan akhirnya mencapai pada keadaan dimana tekanan tersebut tidak dapat ditahan lagi oleh pinggiran lempengan. Pada saat itulah gempa bumi akǍan terjadi.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em;">Gempa bumi biasanya terjadi di perbatasan lempengan lempengan tersebut. Gempa bumi yang paling parah biasanya terjadi di perbatasan lempengan kompresional dan translasional. <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gempa_bumi_fokus_dalam&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; color: #cc2200; text-decoration: none;" title="Gempa bumi fokus dalam (halaman belum tersedia)">Gempa bumi fokus dalam</a> kemungkinan besar terjadi karena materi <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lapisan_litosfer&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; color: #cc2200; text-decoration: none;" title="Lapisan litosfer (halaman belum tersedia)">lapisan litosfer</a> yang terjepit kedalam mengalami <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transisi_fase&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; color: #cc2200; text-decoration: none;" title="Transisi fase (halaman belum tersedia)">transisi fase</a> pada kedalaman lebih dari 600 km.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em;">Beberapa gempa bumi lain juga dapat terjadi karena pergerakan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magma" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Magma">magma</a> di dalam gunung berapi. Gempa bumi seperti itu dapat menjadi gejala akan terjadinya letusan gunung berapi. Beberapa gempa bumi (jarang namun) juga terjadi karena menumpuknya massa air yang sangat besar di balik <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; color: #cc2200; text-decoration: none;" title="Dam (halaman belum tersedia)">dam</a>, seperti <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dam_Karibia&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; color: #cc2200; text-decoration: none;" title="Dam Karibia (halaman belum tersedia)">Dam Karibia</a> di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Afrika">Afrika</a>. Sebagian lagi (jarang juga) juga dapat terjadi karena injeksi atau akstraksi cairan dari/ke dalam bumi (contoh. pada beberapa pembangkit listrik tenaga panas bumi dan di <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rocky_Mountain_Arsenal&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; color: #cc2200; text-decoration: none;" title="Rocky Mountain Arsenal (halaman belum tersedia)">Rocky Mountain Arsenal</a>. Terakhir, gempa juga dapat terjadi dari peledakan bahan peledak. Hal ini dapat membuat para ilmuwan memonitor tes rahasia <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senjata_nuklir" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Senjata nuklir">senjata nuklir</a> yang dilakukan pemerintah. Gempa bumi yang disebabkan oleh manusia seperti ini dinamakan juga <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seismisitas_terinduksi&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; color: #cc2200; text-decoration: none;" title="Seismisitas terinduksi (halaman belum tersedia)">seismisitas terinduksi</a></div><h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gempa_bumi&action=edit&section=3" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah gempa bumi besar pada abad ke-20 dan 21">sunting</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Sejarah_gempa_bumi_besar_pada_abad_ke-20_dan_21">Sejarah gempa bumi besar pada abad ke-20 dan 21</span></h2><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/18/Monobook-bullet.png); list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/26_Oktober" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="26 Oktober">26 Oktober</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="2010">2010</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Kepulauan_Mentawai_2010" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gempa bumi Kepulauan Mentawai 2010">Gempa bumi</a> di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentawai" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Mentawai">Mentawai</a> berskala 7.2 Skala Ritcher, korban tewas ditemukan hingga 9 November ini mencapai 156 orang. Gempa ini kemudian juga menimbulkan tsunami.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/16_Juni" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="16 Juni">16 Juni</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="2010">2010</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Papua_2010" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gempa bumi Papua 2010">Gempa bumi</a> 7,1 Skala Richter menggguncang <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulau_Biak" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Pulau Biak">Biak</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Papua">Papua</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/7_April" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="7 April">7 April</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="2010">2010</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Sumatera_April_2010" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gempa bumi Sumatera April 2010">Gempa bumi</a> dengan kekuatan 7.2 Skala Richter di Sumatera bagian Utara lainnya berpusat 60km dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinabang" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sinabang">Sinabang</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Aceh">Aceh</a>. Tidak menimbulkan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tsunami">tsunami</a>, menimbulkan kerusakan fisik di beberapa daerah, belum ada informasi korban jiwa.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/27_Februari" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="27 Februari">27 Februari</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="2010">2010</a>, Gempa bumi di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chili" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Chili">Chili</a> dengan 8.8 Skala Richter, 432 orang tewas (data 30 Maret 2010). Mengakibatkan tsunami menyeberangi Samudera Pasifik yang menjangkau hingga Selandia Baru, Australia, kepulauan Hawaii, negara-negara kepulauan di Pasifik dan Jepang dengan dampak ringan dan menengah.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_Januari" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="12 Januari">12 Januari</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="2010">2010</a>, Gempa bumi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> dengan episenter dekat kota Léogâne 7,0 Skala Richter berdampak pada 3 juta penduduk, perkiraan korban meninggal 230.000 orang, luka-luka 300.000 orang dan 1.000.000 kehilangan tempat tinggal.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/30_September" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="30 September">30 September</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="2009">2009</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Sumatera_Barat_2009" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gempa bumi Sumatera Barat 2009">Gempa bumi Sumatera Barat</a> merupakan gempa tektonik yang berasal dari pergeseran <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patahan_Semangko" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Patahan Semangko">patahan Semangko</a>, gempa ini berkekuatan 7,6 Skala Richter (BMG Indonesia) atau 7,9 Skala Richter (BMG Amerika) mengguncang <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Padang-Pariaman&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; color: #cc2200; text-decoration: none;" title="Padang-Pariaman (halaman belum tersedia)">Padang-Pariaman</a>, Indonesia. Menyebabkan sedikitnya 1.100 orang tewas dan ribuan terperangkap dalam reruntuhan bangunan.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_September" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="2 September">2 September</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="2009">2009</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Tasikmalaya_2009" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gempa bumi Tasikmalaya 2009">Gempa Tektonik</a> 7,3 Skala Richter mengguncang <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasikmalaya" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Tasikmalaya">Tasikmalaya</a>, Indonesia. Gempa ini terasa hingga <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Bali">Bali</a>, berpotensi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tsunami">tsunami</a>. Korban jiwa masih belum diketahui jumlah pastinya karena terjadi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanah_longsor" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Tanah longsor">Tanah longsor</a> sehingga <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evakuasi&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; color: #cc2200; text-decoration: none;" title="Evakuasi (halaman belum tersedia)">pengevakuasian</a> warga terhambat.</li>
</ul><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; border-color: white; border-style: solid; border-width: 0.5em 0px 0.8em 1.4em; clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px ! important; text-align: center; width: 352px;"><a class="image" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:SanFranHouses06.JPG&filetimestamp=20070403094758" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="269" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/SanFranHouses06.JPG/350px-SanFranHouses06.JPG" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="350" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-style: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px ! important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-image: none ! important; border-style: none ! important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:SanFranHouses06.JPG&filetimestamp=20070403094758" style="background-image: none ! important; border-style: none ! important; color: #0645ad; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Perbesar"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-color: white; background-image: none ! important; border-style: none ! important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>Kerusakan akibat gempa bumi di San Francisco pada tahun 1906</div></div></div><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; border-color: white; border-style: solid; border-width: 0.5em 0px 0.8em 1.4em; clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px ! important; text-align: center; width: 352px;"><a class="image" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:EarthquakeFreewayCa1989.jpg&filetimestamp=20070501191355" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="281" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/EarthquakeFreewayCa1989.jpg/350px-EarthquakeFreewayCa1989.jpg" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="350" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-style: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px ! important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-image: none ! important; border-style: none ! important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:EarthquakeFreewayCa1989.jpg&filetimestamp=20070501191355" style="background-image: none ! important; border-style: none ! important; color: #0645ad; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Perbesar"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-color: white; background-image: none ! important; border-style: none ! important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>Sebagian jalan layang yang runtuh akibat gempa bumi Loma Prieta pada tahun 1989</div></div></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/18/Monobook-bullet.png); list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">3 Januari 2009 - <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Papua_2009" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gempa bumi Papua 2009">Gempa bumi</a> berkekuatan 7,6 Skala Richter di Papua.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">12 Mei 2008 - <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gempa_bumi_Shichuan_2008&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; color: #cc2200; text-decoration: none;" title="Gempa bumi Shichuan 2008 (halaman belum tersedia)">Gempa bumi</a> berkekuatan 7,8 Skala Richter di Provinsi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>, China. Menyebabkan sedikitnya 80.000 orang tewas dan jutaan warga kehilangan tempat tinggal.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_September" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="12 September">12 September</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="2007">2007</a> - <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Bengkulu_2007" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gempa bumi Bengkulu 2007">Gempa Bengkulu</a> dengan kekuatan gempa 7,9 Skala Richter</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/9_Agustus" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="9 Agustus">9 Agustus</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="2007">2007</a> - <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gempa_bumi_Indramayu_Jawa_Barat_2007&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; color: #cc2200; text-decoration: none;" title="Gempa bumi Indramayu Jawa Barat 2007 (halaman belum tersedia)">Gempa bumi</a> 7,5 Skala Richter</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/6_Maret" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="6 Maret">6 Maret</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="2007">2007</a> - <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Sumatera_Barat_Maret_2007" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gempa bumi Sumatera Barat Maret 2007">Gempa bumi</a> tektonik mengguncang provinsi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatera_Barat" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sumatera Barat">Sumatera Barat</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. Laporan terakhir menyatakan 79 orang tewas <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gempa_bumi#cite_note-0" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></sup>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/27_Mei" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="27 Mei">27 Mei</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="2006">2006</a> - <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Yogyakarta_Mei_2006" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gempa bumi Yogyakarta Mei 2006">Gempa bumi</a> tektonik kuat yang mengguncang Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta dan Jawa Tengah pada 27 Mei 2006 kurang lebih pukul 05.55 WIB selama 57 detik. Gempa bumi tersebut berkekuatan 5,9 pada skala Richter. United States Geological Survey melaporkan 6,2 pada skala Richter; lebih dari 6.000 orang tewas, dan lebih dari 300.000 keluarga kehilangan tempat tinggal.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/8_Oktober" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="8 Oktober">8 Oktober</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="2005">2005</a> - <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Asia_Selatan_2005" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gempa bumi Asia Selatan 2005">Gempa bumi besar</a> berkekuatan 7,6 <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skala_Richter" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Skala Richter">skala Richter</a> di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Selatan" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Asia Selatan">Asia Selatan</a>, berpusat di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>; lebih dari 1.500 orang tewas.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/26_Desember" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="26 Desember">26 Desember</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="2004">2004</a> - <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Samudra_Hindia_2004" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gempa bumi Samudra Hindia 2004">Gempa bumi dahsyat</a> berkekuatan 9,0 skala Richter mengguncang <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Aceh">Aceh</a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatera_Utara" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sumatera Utara">Sumatera Utara</a> sekaligus menimbulkan gelombang <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tsunami">tsunami</a> di <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samudera_Hindia" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Samudera Hindia">samudera Hindia</a>. Bencana alam ini telah merenggut lebih dari 220.000 jiwa.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/26_Desember" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="26 Desember">26 Desember</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="2003">2003</a> - Gempa bumi kuat di Bam, barat daya <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Iran">Iran</a> berukuran 6.5 pada skala Richter dan menyebabkan lebih dari 41.000 orang tewas.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_Mei" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="21 Mei">21 Mei</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="2002">2002</a> - Di utara <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistan" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Afganistan">Afganistan</a>, berukuran 5,8 pada skala Richter dan menyebabkan lebih dari 1.000 orang tewas.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/26_Januari" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="26 Januari">26 Januari</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="2001">2001</a> - <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="India">India</a>, berukuran 7,9 pada skala Richter dan menewaskan 2.500 ada juga yang mengatakan jumlah korban mencapai 13.000 orang.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_September" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="21 September">21 September</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="1999">1999</a> - <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, berukuran 7,6 pada skala Richter, menyebabkan 2.400 korban tewas.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/17_Agustus" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="17 Agustus">17 Agustus</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="1999">1999</a> - barat <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Turki">Turki</a>, berukuran 7,4 pada skala Richter dan merenggut 17.000 nyawa.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/25_Januari" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="25 Januari">25 Januari</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="1999">1999</a> - Barat <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, pada magnitudo 6 dan merenggut 1.171 nyawa.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/30_Mei" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="30 Mei">30 Mei</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="1998">1998</a> - Di utara <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistan" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Afganistan">Afganistan</a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> dengan ukuran 6,9 pada skala Richter menyebabkan sekitar 5.000 orang tewas.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/17_Januari" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="17 Januari">17 Januari</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="1995">1995</a> - Di Kobe, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jepang" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Jepang">Jepang</a> dengan ukuran 7,2 skala Richter dan merenggut 6.000 nyawa.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/30_September" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="30 September">30 September</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="1993">1993</a> - Di Latur, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="India">India</a> dengan ukuran 6,0 pada skala Richter dan menewaskan 1.000 orang.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_Desember" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="12 Desember">12 Desember</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="1992">1992</a> - Di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flores" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Flores">Flores</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> berukuran 7,9 pada skala richter dan menewaskan 2.500 orang.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_Juni" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="21 Juni">21 Juni</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="1990">1990</a> - Di barat laut <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Iran">Iran</a>, berukuran 7,3 pada skala Richter, merengut 50.000 nyawa.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/7_Desember" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="7 Desember">7 Desember</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="1988">1988</a> - Barat laut <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, berukuran 6,9 pada skala Richter dan menyebabkan 25.000 kematian.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/19_September" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="19 September">19 September</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="1985">1985</a> - Di <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> Tengah dan berukuran 8,1 pada Skala Richter, meragut lebih dari 9.500 nyawa.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/16_September" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="16 September">16 September</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="1978">1978</a> - Di timur laut <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Iran">Iran</a>, berukuran 7,7 pada skala Richter dan menyebabkan 25.000 kematian.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_Maret" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="4 Maret">4 Maret</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="1977">1977</a> - Vrancea, timur <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumania" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Rumania">Rumania</a>, dengan besar 7,4 SR, menelan sekitar 1.570 korban jiwa, diantaranya seorang aktor Rumania Toma Caragiu, juga menghancurkan sebagian besar dari ibu kota Rumania, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukares" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Bukares">Bukares</a> (Bucureşti).</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/28_Juli" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="28 Juli">28 Juli</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="1976">1976</a> - Tangshan, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Cina">Cina</a>, berukuran 7,8 pada skala Richter dan menyebabkan 240.000 orang terbunuh.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_Februari" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="4 Februari">4 Februari</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="1976">1976</a> - Di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, berukuran 7,5 pada skala Richter dan menyebabkan 22.778 terbunuh.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/29_Februari" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="29 Februari">29 Februari</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="1960">1960</a> - Di barat daya pesisir pantai <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantik" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Atlantik">Atlantik</a> di <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maghribi&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; color: #cc2200; text-decoration: none;" title="Maghribi (halaman belum tersedia)">Maghribi</a> pada ukuran 5,7 skala Richter, menyebabkan kira-kira 12.000 kematian dan memusnahkan seluruh kota <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agadir" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Agadir">Agadir</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/26_Desember" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="26 Desember">26 Desember</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="1939">1939</a> - Wilayah Erzincan, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Turki">Turki</a> pada ukuran 7,9, dan menyebabkan 33.000 orang tewas.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/24_Januari" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="24 Januari">24 Januari</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="1939">1939</a> - Di Chillan, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chili" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Chili">Chili</a> dengan ukuran 8,3 pada skala Richter, 28.000 kematian.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/31_Mei" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="31 Mei">31 Mei</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="1935">1935</a> - Di Quetta, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="India">India</a> pada ukuran 7,5 skala Richter dan menewaskan 50.000 orang.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_September" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="1 September">1 September</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1923" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="1923">1923</a> - Di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokohama" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Yokohama">Yokohama</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jepang" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Jepang">Jepang</a> pada ukuran 8,3 skala Richter dan merenggut sedikitnya 140.000 nyawa.</li>
</ul></li>
</ol></span>tentang_bencanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07521135024478553368noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7100868353950170594.post-41919871592812265592010-12-17T18:32:00.001-08:002010-12-17T18:32:46.063-08:00kebakaran hutan<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em;"><b>Kebakaran liar</b>, atau juga <b>kebakaran hutan</b>, <b>kebakaran vegetasi</b>, <b>kebakaran rumput</b>, atau <b>kebakaran semak</b>, adalah sebuah kebakaran yang terjadi di <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alam_liar&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; color: #cc2200; text-decoration: none;" title="Alam liar (halaman belum tersedia)">alam liar</a>, tetapi dapat juga memusnahkan rumah-rumah atau sumber daya pertanian. Penyebab umum termasuk <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petir" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Petir">petir</a>, <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kecerobohan_manusia&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; color: #cc2200; text-decoration: none;" title="Kecerobohan manusia (halaman belum tersedia)">kecerobohan manusia</a>, dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembakaran" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Pembakaran">pembakaran</a>.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musim_kemarau" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Musim kemarau">Musim kemarau</a> dan pencegahan kebakaran hutan kecil adalah penyebab utama kebakaran hutan besar.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em;">Kebakaran hutan dalam bahasa Inggris berarti "api liar" yang berasal dari sebuah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinonim" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sinonim">sinonim</a> dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Api_Yunani" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Api Yunani">Api Yunani</a>, sebuah bahan seperti-<a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Napalm&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; color: #cc2200; text-decoration: none;" title="Napalm (halaman belum tersedia)">napalm</a> yang digunakan di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eropa" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Eropa">Eropa</a> Pertengahan sebagai senjata maritim</div><h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Statistik">Statistik</span></h2><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em;">Jumlah permukaan yang terbakar setiap tahunnya mewakili sekitar:</div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/18/Monobook-bullet.png); list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perancis" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Perancis">Perancis</a>: 21.100 <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hektar" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Hektar">hektar</a> (211 <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Km%C2%B2" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Km²">km²</a>, 52.140 <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acres&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; color: #cc2200; text-decoration: none;" title="Acres (halaman belum tersedia)">acres</a>, 81 <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mile%C2%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; color: #cc2200; text-decoration: none;" title="Mile² (halaman belum tersedia)">mile²</a> ; 0,04% Perancis</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>:<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/18/Monobook-bullet.png); list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="1991">1991</a> : 182.000 ha (1.820 km², 449.732 acres, 703 mile²; 2% wilayah negara)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="2003">2003</a> : 424.900 ha (4.249 km², 1,05 juta acres, 1.641 mile²; 4,6% wilayah negara; 20 meninggal)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="2004">2004</a> : 120.530 ha (1.205,3 km², 297.836 acres, 465 mile²; 1,3% wilayah negara)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="2005">2005</a>: 286.400 ha (2.864 km², 707.668 acres, 1.106 mile²; 3.1% wilayah negara; 17 meninggal)</li>
</ul></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a>: 1,74 juta hektare (17.400 km², 4,3 juta acres, 6.718 mile²; 0,18% wilayah negara)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> - Sumber data: sebelum 1997 dari Badan Pengendalian Dampak Lingkungan (BAPEDAL) dan Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) - Collaborative Environmental Project in Indonesia (CEPI). Data 1997/1998 dari Asian Development Bank (ADB) . Data 1999-2005 berasal dari Departemen Kehutanan Indonesia.<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/18/Monobook-bullet.png); list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="1982">1982</a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="1983">1983</a>: 3,6 juta hektare ( 36.000 km², 8,9 juta acres, 13.900 mile²).</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="1987">1987</a>: 49.323 hektare ( 492 km², 121.880 acres, 190 mile²).</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="1991">1991</a>: 118.881 hektare (1.189 km², 293.761 acres, 459 mile²).</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="1994">1994</a>: 161.798 hektare (1.618 km², 399.812 acres, 625 mile²).</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="1997">1997</a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="1998">1998</a>: 9,8 juta hektare ( 97.550 km², 24,1 juta acres, 37.664 mile²). Sumber data dari ADB.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="1999">1999</a>: 44.090 hektare (441 km², 108.989 acres, 170 mile² ).</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="2000">2000</a>: 8.255 hektare ( 83 km², 20.399 acres, 32 mile²).</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="2001">2001</a>: 14.351 hektare (144 km², 35.462 acres, 55 mile²).</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="2002">2002</a>: 36.691 hektare (367 km², 90.665 acres, 142 mile²).</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="2003">2003</a>: 3.745 hektare ( 37 km², 9.254 acres, 14 mile²).</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="2004">2004</a>: 13.991 hektare (140 km², 34.573 acres, 54 mile²).</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="2005">2005</a>: 13.328 hektare (133 km², 32.934 acres, 51 mile²).</li>
</ul></li>
</ul><h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kebakaran_liar&action=edit&section=2" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Penyebab">sunting</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Penyebab">Penyebab</span></h2><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em;">Penyebab Kebakaran liar, antara lain:</div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/18/Monobook-bullet.png); list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Sambaran <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petir" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Petir">petir</a> pada <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutan" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Hutan">hutan</a> yang kering karena <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musim_kemarau" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Musim kemarau">musim kemarau</a> yang panjang.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Kecerobohan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusia" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Manusia">manusia</a> antara lain membuang puntung <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokok" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Rokok">rokok</a> secara sembarangan dan lupa mematikan api di perkemahan.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Aktivitas vulkanis seperti terkena aliran lahar atau awan panas dari letusan gunung berapi.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Tindakan yang disengaja seperti untuk membersihkan lahan pertanian atau membuka lahan pertanian baru dan tindakan vandalisme.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebakaran_bawah" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Kebakaran bawah">Kebakaran di bawah tanah/ground fire</a> pada daerah tanah gambut yang dapat menyulut kebakaran di atas tanah pada saat musim kemarau.</li>
</ul><h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kebakaran_liar&action=edit&section=3" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Dampak">sunting</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Dampak">Dampak</span></h2><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em;">Dampak yang ditimbulkan dari kebakaran liar antara lain:</div><ol style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Menyebarkan emisi gas <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon_dioksida" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Karbon dioksida">karbon dioksida</a> ke <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfer" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Atmosfer">atmosfer</a>. Kebakaran hutan pada <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="1997">1997</a> menimbulkan emisi / penyebaran sebanyak 2,6 miliar ton karbon dioksida ke atmosfer (sumber majala Nature 2002). Sebagai perbandingan total emisi karbon dioksida di seluruh dunia pada tahun tersebut adalah 6 miliar ton.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Terbunuhnya satwa liar dan musnahnya tanaman baik karena kebakaran, terjebak asap atau rusaknya habitat. Kebakaran juga dapat menyebabkan banyak spesies endemik/khas di suatu daerah turut punah sebelum sempat dikenali/diteliti.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Menyebabkan banjir selama beberapa minggu di saat musim hujan dan kekeringan di saat musim kemarau.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Kekeringan yang ditimbulkan dapat menyebabkan terhambatnya jalur pengangkutan lewat sungai dan menyebabkan kelaparan di daerah-daerah terpencil.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Kekeringan juga akan mengurangi volume air waduk pada saat musim kemarau yang mengakibatkan terhentinya pembangkit listrik (PLTA) pada musim kemarau.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Musnahnya bahan baku industri perkayuan, mebel/furniture. Lebih jauh lagi hal ini dapat mengakibatkan perusahaan perkayuan terpaksa ditutup karena kurangnya bahan baku dan puluhan ribu pekerja menjadi penganggur/kehilangan pekerjaan.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Meningkatnya jumlah penderita penyakit infeksi saluran pernapasan atas (ISPA) dan kanker paru-paru. Hal ini bisa menyebabkan kematian bagi penderita berusia lanjut dan anak-anak. Polusi asap ini juga bisa menambah parah penyakit para penderita TBC/asma.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Asap yang ditimbulkan menyebabkan gangguan di berbagai segi kehidupan masyarakat antara lain pendidikan, agama dan ekonomi. Banyak sekolah yang terpaksa diliburkan pada saat kabut asap berada di tingkat yang berbahaya. Penduduk dihimbau tidak bepergian jika tidak ada keperluan mendesak. Hal ini mengganggu kegiatan keagamaan dan mengurangi kegiatan perdagangan/ekonomi. Gangguan asap juga terjadi pada sarana perhubungan/transportasi yaitu berkurangnya batas pandang. Banyak pelabuhan udara yang ditutup pada saat pagi hari di musim kemarau karena jarak pandang yang terbatas bisa berbahaya bagi penerbangan. Sering terjadi kecelakaan tabrakan antar perahu di sungai-sungai, karena terbatasnya jarak pandang.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Musnahnya bangunan, mobil, sarana umum dan harta benda lainnya.</li>
</ol>tentang_bencanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07521135024478553368noreply@blogger.com0